Introduction - Microsurgery: Advances, Simulations, and Applications - page 7

developed around 1950 by Hayashida and presented in 1965 by G.
D. Hadley [18]. This endoscope's tip had a lash light for illumination
and a monochrome ilm camera for registering the images of
the digestive tract. The development of glass iber around 1960
enabled later on the real-time observation on the stomach and the
videoscopes that capture these real-time images with a CCD camera
and in 2002 the integration of high-idelity displays. The most novel
endoscopic technologies are endoscopic capsules that travel along
digestive tract while transmitting wireless video signals [19].
The videoscope's tip motion is achieved by variable tension
of wires that link the tip with the control section. The endoscope
for a digestive organ is about 10 mm in the diameter, additionally
of the optical system for observation of the procedure, it enables
the insertion of therapeutic instrument through one of its lumens
(forceps, laser irradiation probe, and high-frequency snare wire),
and also it includes water pipe rods. Moreover, the tip part bends
dynamically to treat effectively in narrow digestive organs. Some of
the targeted diseases to be treated are polypus, which may appear in
the stomach, rectum, and large intestines and early-stage cancer.

1.1.4.2 Respiratory tract endoscopies

Bronchoscopes are lexible endoscopes used for the inspection of
respiratory tracts. The use of these lexible endoscopes for removing
pulmonary foreign bodies from children was reported since 1984
[20], and these endoscopes have been in use for pulmonary disease
treatments since the end of the decade of 1960 [21]. Bronchoscopes
are used principally for diagnostic by the observation of the
respiratory tract and for biopsies.

1.1.4.3 Transurethral resection of prostate

This surgery is intended for treating the prostate dilation syndrome.
In this surgery, the dilated part of the prostate is excised by inserting a
resectoscope through the patient's urethra enabling the observation
of the target and manipulation of excision apparatus. The burden to
the patient is less with this treatment than with laparotomy.

1.1.5 Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

The target of this procedure is to crush urinary tract stones by
generating a shock with an acoustic wave in water and focusing it