Cryptography Reference
In-Depth Information
Diagram 9.6 Smart Card Chip — Electrical Contacts
C1
C5
C2
C6
C3
C7
C4
C8
Diagram 9.7 Functions of Electrical Contacts
Position Abbreviation
Function
C1
VCC
Power Supply Voltage
C2
RST
Reset Microprocessor
C3
CLK
Clock Frequency
C4
RFU
Reserved for Future Use
C5
GND
Ground
C6
VPP
Programming or Write Voltage
C7
I/O
Serial Input/Output Line
C8
RFU
Reserved for Future Use
All the data transmitted to and from a smart card is through the C7 contact
point. Once a smart card is inserted into a card reader, for instance, a client-
server relationship ensues. The physical transmission is defined in ISO/IEC
7816-3, so any reader must conform to that standard.
Card Origins : The French are responsible for the term “smart card”, in
development since the 1970s when the French invested a large amount of money
into this R&D technology. They originally called these cards Carte a mem-
oire or memory card in the 1970s. The French government's marketing arm,
Intelimatique , coined the term smart card in 1980. In fact, Roy Bright of In-
telimatique (see [45]), was the one who coined the word “smart card” (which
is sometimes written as a single word smartcard ). In 1970, the concept of the
smart card was filed in a patent by Kunitaka Arimura of Japan. The patent
was restricted to Japan, and to the technical aspects of the smart card idea,
namely, to integrate data storage and arithmetic logic on a single silicon chip.
Shortly after his patent was filed, the first smart cards were issued in Japan.
Although many credit the first patent for an IC card to the French journalist,
Roland Moreno, who filed his patent in in 1974 (see [172]), there was a patent
filed in 1968 by the German inventors Jurgen Dethloff and Helmut Grotrupp for
the invention of the idea to incorporate an IC into an identification card (see
[67]). However, the patent filed by Moreno is considered the first actual “smart
card” patent since it was the first to incorporate the two ideas of Arimura and
Dethloff-Grotrupp into a single entity, what we consider to be a smart card
today. Moreover, Moreno's patent was the first to be broad-based not only in
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