Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Therefore,
Z
t
Z
t
1
C
1
C
V
s
R
d
l
v
C
¼
i
C
d
l ¼
1
1
From KVL, we have
v
C
þ
v
o
¼
0
and
Z
t
1
RC
v
o
¼
V
s
d
l
1
1
C
With
R
¼
, the circuit operates as an integrator
Z
t
v
o
¼
V
s
d
l
1
9.11.1 Voltage Characteristics of the Op Amp
In the preceding examples involving the op amp, we did not consider the supply voltage
(shown in Figure 9.29) and that the output voltage of an ideal op amp is constrained to
operate between the supply voltages
V
þ
and
V
. If analysis determines
v
0
is greater than
V
þ
,
V
þ
. If analysis determines
V
,
V
. The out-
v
0
saturates at
v
0
is less than
v
0
saturates at
put voltage characteristics are shown in Figure 9.32.
v
0
V+
V+
A (
v
p
-
v
n
)
V
−
V
−
FIGURE 9.32
Voltage characteristics of an op amp.
