Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 4.2 From top left, clockwise: hand held i-STAT clinical analyzer and cartridge from Abbott
Laboratories, bench top GEM 3000 clinical analyzer from IL, Inc., and large mainframe clinical analyzer
UniCel DxC800 from Beckman Coulter, Inc. All these systems utilize ion-selective electrodes to determine
clinically relevant electrolytes.
Receptor-based sensors are still quite rare and much work is needed to implement ISEs
into the general practice of pharmaceutical analysis.
Miniature sensors and microsensor arrays are capable of intracellular measure-
ments, which are demanded by physiologists and biologists for the understanding
of the processes taking place in live organisms [21]. The development of micro total
analysis systems (
TAS) and lab-on-a-chip devices with integrated microsensors is a
logical step for in-vitro measurement automation and miniaturization, which is espe-
cially important for biomedical applications [22]. Moreover, microfabricated sensors
(Fig. 4.3) are highly demanded for in-vivo measurements in order to minimize poten-
tial injuries [13] and signifi cant advances have been achieved in the fi eld, still requir-
ing further research and development.
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