New trends in ion-selective electrodes - Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and Their Biomedical Applications - page 70

CHAPTER 4
New trends in ion-selective electrodes
Sergey Makarychev-Mikhailov, Alexey Shvarev, and Eric Bakker
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 State-of-the-art
4.1.2 Most important biomedical applications of ion-selective electrodes
4.2 Classical ion-selective electrodes
4.2.1 Understanding of the operational principles
4.2.2 Response characteristics: selectivity and detection limits
4.2.3 Reference electrodes
4.3 New transduction principles
4.3.1 Polyion-selective electrodes
4.3.2 Galvanostatically controlled sensors
4.3.3 Voltammetric ion-selective electrodes
4.3.4 Light-addressable potentiometric sensors
4.4 New sensor materials
4.4.1 Membrane components
4.4.2 Solid contact
4.4.3 Biocompatibility improvement
4.5 Miniaturization
4.5.1 Miniaturization
4.5.2 Sensor arrays
4.6 Future prospects and conclusions
4.7 Acknowledgments
4.8 References
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 State-of-the-art
The history of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) [1] starts from the discovery of the pH
response of thin fi lm glass membranes by Cremer in 1906, thus making ISEs the old-
est class of chemical sensors. They still are superior over other sensor types in a variety