Electrochemical glucose biosensors - Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and Their Biomedical Applications - page 56

CHAPTER 3
Electrochemical glucose biosensors
Joseph Wang
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Forty years of progress
3.3 First-generation glucose biosensors
3.3.1 Redox interferences
3.3.2 Oxygen dependence
3.4 Second-generation glucose biosensors
3.4.1 Electron transfer between GOx and electrode surfaces
3.4.2 Use of artifi cial mediators
3.4.3 Attachment of electron-transfer relays
3.5 In-vitro glucose testing
3.6 Continuous real-time in-vivo monitoring
3.6.1 Requirements
3.6.2 Subcutaneous monitoring
3.6.3 Towards non-invasive glucose monitoring
3.7 Conclusions and outlook
3.8 References
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide public health problem. It is one of the leading causes
of death and disability in the world. Such metabolic disorder results from insulin defi -
ciency and hyperglycemia. The diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus requires
a tight monitoring of blood glucose levels. Millions of diabetics thus test their blood glu-
cose levels daily making glucose the most commonly tested analyte. The challenge of
providing such reliable and tight glycemic control remains the subject of a considerable
amount of research [1, 2]. Electrochemical biosensors for glucose play a leading role in
this direction. Amperometric enzyme electrodes, based on glucose oxidase (GOx) bound
to electrode transducers, have thus been the subject of substantial research [2].