Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER 5
Recent developments in electrochemical
immunoassays and immunosensors
Jeremy M. Fowler, Danny K.Y. Wong, H. Brian Halsall, and
William R. Heineman
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The antibody-antigen interaction
5.3 Immunoassays and immunosensors
5.3.1 Competitive immunoassay systems
5.3.2 Non-competitive immunoassay systems
5.4 Modes of antibody immobilization
5.4.1 Biotin-(strept)avidin interaction
5.4.2 Antibody-binding proteins
5.4.3 Conducting polymers
5.4.4 Self-assembled monolayers
5.4.5 Antibody fragments
5.5 Electrochemical detection techniques
5.5.1 Potentiometric immunosensors
5.5.2 Amperometric immunosensors
5.5.3 Voltammetric immunoassays
5.5.4 Impedimetric immunoassays and immunosensors
5.6 Microfl uidic electrochemical immunoassay systems
5.7 Concluding remarks
5.8 References
5.1 INTRODUCTION
There is a continuing demand for fast and simple analytical methods for the determina-
tion of many clinical, biochemical and environmental analytes. In this respect, immu-
noassays and immunosensors that rely on antibody-antigen interactions provide a
promising means of analysis owing to their specifi city and sensitivity. High specifi city
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