Nanodiamonds for Bioimaging and Therapeutic Applications - The Nanobiotechnology - page 566

Gaussian beam

Spin
manipulation

Selective
manipulation

Microwave ESR

t D

Doughnut beam

A B

Readout counter

(a)

Gaussian
mode

APD single
photon counter

3 E

εγ

532 nm laser
and AOM switch

Fluorescence
collection
650-800 nm

γ

1 A 1

Doughnut
mode PBS

Dichronic
mirror

k 532 nm laser

and AOM switch

Oil-immersion
objective
(NA= 1.3)

Phase ramp

1

Microwave
ESR source

-1

Diamond sample
piezo scanner

3 A 2

2.87 GHz

y

0 x

(b) (c)

Figure 25.10
(See companion CD for color insert.) .Principle.of.sub-diffraction.far-ield.optical.imaging.and.manipulation.of.
individual.electronic.spins.in.diamond..(a).Experimental.sequence.using.pulsed.optical.and.microwave.excitation..
(b).Energy.level.diagram.of.an.(N-V) − .center.showing.optical.absorption.and.emission.rates..(c).Schematic.diagram.
of.the.experimental.setup..The.(N-V) − .centers.in.bulk.diamond.are.imaged.by.scanning.the.sample.around.the.
focal. point. with. a. 3-axis. piezo-electric. stage.. The. doughnut. beam. is. generated. by. passing. a. Gaussian. beam.
through.a.vortex.waveplate..APD.stands.for.avalanche.photodiode..(Reprinted.with.permission.from.Macmillan.
Publishers.Ltd.,. Nat. Phys .,.Maurer,.P.C.,.Maze,.J.R.,.Stanwix,.P.L.,.Jiang,.L.,.Gorshkov,.A.V.,.Zibrov,.A.A.,.Harke,.B.,.
Hodges,.J.S.,.Zibrov,.A.S.,.Yacoby,.A.,.Twitchen,.D.,.Hell,.S.W.,.Walsworth,.R.L.,.and.Lukin,.M.D.,.Far-ield.optical.
imaging.and.manipulation.of.individual.spins.with.nanoscale.resolution,.6,.912-918..Copyright.2010.)

They.have.further.demonstrated.that.two.FND.particles,.separated.by.100.nm,.can.be.imaged.
and.resolved.with.an.accuracy.of.20.nm,.which.is.well.below.the.diffraction.limit.of.optical.
microscopy..Additionally,.the.technique.can.be.applied.to.monitor.how.a.single.ion-channel.
on.a.cell.membrane.functions.(Hall.et.al..2010),.and.even.to.detect.the.chemical.shift.of.a.
compound.in.microscopic.low.by.magnetic.resonance.(Bajaj.et.al..2010).
As. aforementioned,. the. diamond. crystal. ield. separates. the. spin-zero. ground. state.
and.the.degenerate.spin-one.ground.state.of.the.(N-V) − .center.by.2.87.GHz..This.energy.
splitting.deines.a.quantization.axis.along.the.〈111〉.crystallographic.axis.and.provides.an.
intrinsic.compass.that.exhibits.an.ODMR.spectrum..By.applying.microwave.spectroscopy.
to. control. the. (N-V) − . state,. one. can. monitor. the. luorescence. intensity. of. the. FND. and.
identify. the. orientation. of. the. (N-V) − . axis.. McGuinness. et. al.. have. demonstrated. the.