Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and.control.mice.over.28.days.of.the.post-exposure.period..Similarly,.there.is.no.consider-
able.enhancement.in.lactate.dehydrogenase.(LDH).activity.between.phosphate-buffered-
saline-treated.and.ND-treated.mice.from.day.1.to.day.14..Further.histopathological.and.
ultra-structural. analysis. also. indicates. no. considerable. pulmonary. toxicity.. Microscopic.
imaging.authenticates.a.translocation.and.clearance.pathway.of.NDs.through.mucociliary.
escalator,.suggesting.that.NDs.have.great.potential.to.be.used.as.a.pulmonary.drug.deliv-
ery.vehicle.with.low.toxicity.
Using. a. different. model. organism,. Mohan. et. al.. have. performed. in. vivo. imaging. and.
toxicity.studies.of.FNDs.in. Caenorhabditis elegans .(Mohan.et.al..2010a)..Wild-type. C. elegans .
are. irst. fed. with. FND. solution. in. the. absence. of. food,. by. which. the. FND. particles. are.
incorporated.into.the.worm..In.preliminary.observations.by.epiluorescence.microscopy,.
FND.particles.are.found.to.remain.in.the.intestinal.lumen.without.absorption,.allowing.
the. organism's. whole. digestive. system. to. be. imaged. for. hours.. Later,. when. the. worms.
are.fed.with.FNDs.surface-conjugated.with.biomolecules.such.as.bovine.serum.albumin.
(BSA).and.dextran,.the.particles.are.taken.up.by.intestinal.cells.through.endocytosis..The.
internalization.enables.easy.observation.of.the.bioconjugated.FNDs.in.the.intestinal.cells.
under.the.microscope.(Figure.25.6)..Further.toxicity.studies.show.that.the.life.span,.brood.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 25.6
(See companion CD for color insert.) .Epiluorescence/DIC-merged.images.of. C. elegans .fed.with.bioconjugated.
FNDs..(a,.b).Worms.fed.with.dextran-coated.FNDs.(a).and.BSA-coated.FNDs.(b).for.3.h..FNDs.can.be.seen.to.be.
localized.within.the.intestinal.cells.(blue.solid.arrows).and.a.few.stay.in.the.lumen.(yellow.dash.arrow)..(c,.d).
Worms.fed.with.dextran-coated.(c).and.BSA-coated.(d).FNDs.for.3.h.and.recovered.on.to. E. coli .bacterial.lawns.
for.1.h..Insets:.100.×.magniied.images.of.the.FNDs.within.the.intestinal.cells..Scale.bars.are.50.μm..(Reprinted.
by. permission. from. Mohan,. N.,. Chen,. C.-S.,. Hsieh,. H.-H.,. Wu,. Y.-C.,. and. Chang,. H.-C.,. In. vivo. imaging. and.
toxicity.assessments.of.luorescent.nanodiamonds.in. Caenorhabditis elegans ,. Nano. Lett .,.10,.3692-3699..Copyright.
2010.American.Chemical.Society.)
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