Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
25
Therapeut
ic Applications
V. Vaijayanthimala, Yuen Yung Hui, and Huan-Cheng Chang
CONTENTS
25.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 553
25.2. Color.Centers.in.ND........................................................................................................... 554
25.2.1. Nitrogen-Vacancy.Color.Centers.......................................................................... 555
25.2.2. Mass.Production.of.FND....................................................................................... 557
25.3. Biocompatibility.of.ND...................................................................................................... 558
25.3.1. In.Vitro.Toxicity.Studies........................................................................................ 558
25.3.2. Biodistribution.and.In.Vivo.Toxicity.Studies..................................................... 560
25.4. Bioimaging.of.NDs............................................................................................................. 562
25.4.1. Cellular.Labeling.and.Tracking............................................................................ 562
25.4.2. Two-Photon.Fluorescence.Imaging.and.Fluorescence.Lifetime.Imaging...... 564
25.4.3. Super-Resolution.Optical.Imaging...................................................................... 564
25.4.4. Optically.Detected.Magnetic.Resonance.Imaging............................................ 566
25.4.5. Magnetic.Resonance.Imaging.............................................................................. 569
25.4.6. Near-Field.Optical.Microscopy............................................................................ 569
25.5. Therapeutic.Applications.of.NDs..................................................................................... 569
25.5.1. ND.as.a.Gene.Delivery.Vehicle............................................................................ 569
25.5.2. ND.as.a.Protein.Delivery.Vehicle......................................................................... 571
25.5.3. ND.as.a.Drug.Delivery.Vehicle............................................................................ 571
25.5.4. ND.for.Dispersion.of.Water-Insoluble.Drugs..................................................... 573
25.6. Conclusions.and.Future.Perspectives.............................................................................. 573
References..................................................................................................................................... 574
25.1 Introduction
Nanobiotechnology,. a. burgeoning. scientiic. and. technological. ield,. represents. a. multi-
disciplinary. branch. of. sciences.. The. main. objective. of. the. technology. is. to. design. and.
synthesize. materials. and. structures. on. the. nanometer. scale. that. mimic. biomolecular.
architectures. and. functions. (Niemeyer. 2001).. Such. synthesized. nanoscale. building.
blocks.can.be.endowed.with.novel.and.extraordinary.properties.not.found.in.biological.
systems..Over.the.years,.nanoparticles.made.of.polymers,.lipids,.and.their.hybrids.have.
been.examined.thoroughly.for.many.biological.and.medical.applications.(Peer.et.al..2007)..
Recent. researches. on. carbon-based. nanomaterials. tremendously. advance. the. ield. with.
the.discoveries.of.new.members.of.carbon.family.including.fullerenes.(Kroto.et.al..1985),.
553
