Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
microparticle. (Mathiowitz. et. al.. 1997).. Another. factor. to. enhance. the. transportation. of.
nanoparticles.is.to.take.advantage.of.bioadhesion..Additionally,.adding.surfactants.such.
as. Tween. 80. can. considerably. improve. the. passing. of. nanocarriers. through. the. GIT.. It.
was. shown. that. oil. materials. containing. peanut. oil. and. Poloxamer. 188. and. 407. had. no.
inluence.of.uptake.or.even.reduced.the.translocating.of.nanoparticles.(Araujo.et.al..1999;.
Hillery.and.Florence.1996).
Recently,.many.attempts.have.been.made.to.develop.oral.delivery.systems.for.peptides.
and.proteins..Most.of.the.peptide.and.protein.drugs.are.too.hydrophilic.to.pass.through.
the.M.cell.and.too.sensitive.to.overcome.enzyme.degradation.than.lower.molecular.weight.
drugs.. In. this. regard,. nanoparticles. composed. of. biocompatible. ingredients. need. to. be.
designed.to.increase.hydrophobicity.and.protect.protein.drugs.from.enzyme.digestion.and.
reduce.the.size.of.particles.small.enough.to.enter.systemic.circulation.(Borchardt.et.al..1997;.
Mizuma.et.al..2000)..Desai.et.al..showed.that.the.100.nm.PLGA.particles.could.translocate.
from.the.GI.tract.to.the.lymphatic.area,.whereas.the.10.μm.particles.still.remained.inside.
the.intestinal.cavity.(Desai.et.al..1997)..It.has.also.been.demonstrated.that.nanoparticles.
linked. with. Vitamin. B12. or. lecithin. showed. enhanced. absorption. by. receptor-mediated.
endocytosis.(Russell-Jones.2004;.Russell-Jones.et.al..2004).
23.4 . Conclusions and Perspectives
For.more.than.a.decade,.nanotechnology.has.become.an.essential.part.of.drug.delivery..
Many. efforts. to. discover. a. new. strategy. and. renovate. the. previous. nanoplatform. tech-
nology. have. facilitated. the. development. of. new,. innovative. nanosized. drug. delivery.
systems.. For. example,. treating. malaria. has. been. considered. dificult. to. fully. cure. the.
disease.because.resistance.to.antimalarial.drugs.such.as.chloroquine.and.sulphadoxine-
pyrimethamine. unexpectedly. showed. up.. One. way. to. overcome. the. resistance. to. anti-
malarial. drugs. is. by. delivering. a. high. concentration. of. nanoparticles. incorporating. the.
drugs.into.the.most.favorable.desired.lesion.where.intracellular.parasitophorous.vacuoles.
are.located..Fortunately,.these.efforts.seem.to.move.forward.to.eradicate.the.plasmodium..
Another. advantage. of. nanoparticles. is. that. nanotechnology. can. be. applied. to. diversify.
the. administration. routes. including. oral,. pulmonary,. intravenous,. and. ocular. routes..
Applying.nanoparticles.to.pulmonary.route.can.attribute.to.reducing.the.systemic.toxicity.
and.enhancing.the.bioavailability.of.drug.in.the.main.disease.area..Also.when.adminis-
trated.as.intravenous.injection,.it.is.possible.for.nanoparticles.to.pass.through.the.narrow.
capillaries.and.increase.the.cellular.uptake.with.rapid.onset.time.
Nanoparticles. have. issues. to. resolve,. too.. Nanocarrier. systems. are. known. to. deliver.
the. active. agent. eficiently. and. enhance. the. cellular. uptake. because. their. size. is. small.
enough. for. endocytosis.. Sometimes. such. an. eficient. delivery. could. result. in. nanopar-
ticles.penetrating.to.an.unwanted.area.such.as.the.deep.dermis.layer.of.the.skin..When.
a. nanoparticle. is. administrated. orally. or. in. inhalation. form,. it. could. enter. the. intesti-
nal.barriers.or.translocate.from.the.vascular.lungs.to.the.cardio.vessel..Thereby,.it.may.
cause.unexpected.systemic.circulation.based.on.its.excellent.ability.to.pass.through.small.
compartments.of.the.body.
Overall,. the. advantages. of. using. nanocarriers. for. drug. delivery. outweigh. the. possi-
ble. side. effects.. It. has. been. frequently. observed. that. nanoparticle. formulations. result.
in. enhanced. bioavailability. and. eficacy.. While. it. is. expected. that. nanocarriers. will.
 
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