Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and.spatial..The.results.indicated.that.the.initial.soluble.factor.triggered.the.cell's.transition.
to.invasion,.and.the.direct.contact.between.cancer.cells.and.cancer-associated.ibroblasts.
made.the.process.progress.further.(Sung.et.al..2011)..Another.report.was.about.osteogenic.
differentiation.localized.at.the.interface.of.speciic.factor.stimulation.precisely.created.by.
multiple.low.patterns.in.microluidic.chips..The.experiments.indicated.that.inducible.gene.
expression.can.be.effectively.applied.with.microluidic.devices.to.form.tissue.boundaries.
and. interfaces. (Zhang. et. al.. 2011b).. Microluidic. techniques. also. can. be. used. in. DNA.
damage.analysis.due.to.continuous.UV-C.exposure.to.cells.and.real-time.monitors..This.
approach.can.achieve.high-throughput.DNA.melting.analysis.and.DNA.damage.kinetics.
(Pjescic.et.al..2011)..The.unique.advantage.of.the.microluidic.technique.is.the.generation.
of.molecular.gradients.in.cell.growth.(2D.or.3D.microenvironments).due.to.the.multiple.
channels. and. inlet. introduction.. Cell. responses. to. molecular. gradients. like. proliferation.
and.migration.are.very.signiicant.in.cell.immune.response,.wound.healing.development,.
and.cancer.metastasis.(Kim.et.al..2010).
Desai.presented.a.microcontact.printing.strategy.to.spatially.segregate.multiple.integrin.
ligands. on. the. surface. and. interact. them. with. cells.. This. technique. suggested. that. cells.
can.coordinate.the.simultaneous.engagement.of.spatially.segregated.different.integrins.to.
guide.cell.adhesion.and.migration.(Desai.et.al..2011).
21.4 Integrative Biology Focusing on Organism-Level
Research with Nano/Microtechnologies
Integrative.biology.focusing.on.organism.systems.is.an.important.branch,.especially.for.
the. potential. application. in. biomedical. ield.. The. living. organism. represents. systematic.
characteristics.when.used.as.an.experimental.model.in.comparison.to.the.cell.culture.model.
in.vitro..Multicellular.organisms,.such.as. Caenorhabditis elegans ,. Danio rerio ,.and. Drosophila
melanogaster ,. have. received. increasing. attention. in. fundamental. biology. and. human.
pathology.ields..Especially,. C. elegans .conserves.many.genes.and.biological.mechanisms.
of.humans.and.are.the.irst.multicellular.organisms.to.have.fully.sequenced.genes..This.
has.been.demonstrated.as.a.suitable.systematic.model.for.investigating.the.pharmacology.
and.neurochemistry.of.the.human.body..In.order.to.challenge.quantitative.or.individual.
analysis. with. multicellular. organisms,. micro/nanotechnologies. such. as. microluidics.
with. valve. integration. have. been. applied. to. control. and. manipulate. worms. effectively.
(Shi.et.al..2010)..The.short.generation.time.and.ease.of.cultivation.of.the.worm,.combined.
with.multifunctional.microluidic.techniques,.open.a.new.avenue.for.integrative.biology.
development.. Aging,. neurological. research. and. drug. screening. are. currently. popular.
research.areas.with.multicellular.organisms.in.integrative.biology.(Carr.et.al..2011).
Yeast. is. another. ideal. example. of. an. organism. for. integrative. biology. investigation.. It.
demonstrates.the.gene.structure.and.protein.function.of.eukaryotic.biology..Immobilization.
of.yeast.was.achieved.by.the.microencapsulation.and.microbubble.template.technique.for.
quantitative.assay.of.its.growth.and.protein.secretion,.and.many.achievements.have.been.
applied.to.industrial.products.(Brandy.et.al..2010,.Yu.et.al..2011,.Keen.et.al..2012).
Integrative.biology.in.organisms.with.micro/nanotechniques.platforms.will.attract.more.
attention. in. the. following. years. due. to. the. size. characteristic. and. the. components. and.
biological.properties.of.organisms..The.increasing.biological.mechanisms.and.processes.
will.be.revealed.with.the.aid.of.micro/nanotechniques.in.whole.systematic.models.
 
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