Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
cell.imaging..Rodriguez-Lorenzo.developed.a.star-shaped.surface-enhanced.Raman.scat-
tering.(SERS).encoded.single.nanoparticle.with.near.infrared.light.excitation..It.was.dem-
onstrated. that. this. type. of. nanoparticle. was. internalized. by. Hela. cells. and. able. to. be.
monitored.clearly.with.good.biocompatibility..This.approach.provides.a.high-throughput.
screening. for. diagnosis. and. can. be. integrated. with. biochips. or. microluidic. devices. for.
further.applications.(Rodriguez-Lorenzo.et.al..2011).
A.nanoparticle.array.is.an.alternative.strategy.to.demonstrate.nanostructures.and.their.
further. applications. in. the. biomedical. ield.. Block. copolymer. micelle. nanolithography.
(BCMN). is. a. bottom-up. approach. for. high-throughput. nanoparticle. synthesis. in. well-
organized. patterns. (Lohmueller. et. al.. 2011).. The. advantage. of. this. BCMN. method. is. its.
ability. to. combine. with. conventional. fabrication. methods. and. promote. nanopatterning.
sample-processing. rates. with. an. array. approach.. The. application. of. gold. nanoparticle.
arrays. is. a. suitable. platform. for. peptide. or. DNA. molecular. function. development. with.
speciic.orientation.(Aydin.et.al..2009).
Atomic. force. microscopy. (AFM). is. a. powerful. tool. used. to. investigate. the. dynamic.
interactions. between. supported. lipid. bilayers. (SLBs). and. biomolecules. at. the. nanoscale.
with. its. tip. or. a. modiied. tip.. This. technique. is. an. excellent. tool. used. to. explore. the.
relationship.between.the.composition.of.biomolecules.and.membrane-related.lipids.and.
structure. (Zhong. 2011).. The. AFM. strategy. is. also. used. in. other. biological. phenomena.
exploration. such. as. cell. shape. change.. The. phenomena. and. process. of. cell. deformation.
and. mechanical. change. are. critical. for. cell. migration. and. metastasis.. The. techniques. of.
atomic. force. microscopy. (AFM),. acoustic. microscopy,. and. magnetic. twisting. cytometry.
(MTC).can.manipulate.cell.actively.for.measuring.local.mechanical.properties.of.cells..The.
AFM.technique.with.high.resolution.usually.uses.the.tip.to.indent.cells.by.assessing.the.
indentation.depth.and.the.stress.from.the.cantilever.(Rotsch.et.al..1997,.Radmacher.2002)..
The.elasticity.of.Kupffer.cells.was.measured.with.an.AFM.cantilever.and.cell.mechanical.
properties.were.evaluated.(Rotsch.et.al..1997)..The.alternative.approach.to.AFM.is.combing.
the.microsize. bead.to.the.tip.or.cantilever.and.monitoring. the.cell.mechanical.property.
(Lu. et. al.. 2006).. Acoustic. microscopy. is. a. potential. technique. for. monitoring. entire. cell.
mechanical. properties. by. sound. wave. response. without. cell. contact. and. internal. or.
external. intervention.. MTC,. by. the. aid. of. magnetic. beads. with. ligand. coatings,. works.
through.the.beads'.ligand.and.through.speciic.receptor.interactions.and.oscillations.with.
magnetic.forces.for.active.records.of.cell.mechanical.behavior.(Wang.et.al..1993)..The.other.
microscale.approaches.for.global.cell.mechanical.analysis.include.microplate.manipulation.
(Thoumine. and. Ott. 1997),. optical. stretches. (Lincoln. et. al.. 2007),. and. microluidic. low-
through.systems.(Lam.et.al..2007).
21.3 Integrative Biology Focusing on Tissue-Level
Research with Nano/Microtechnologies
Tissue.microenvironment.plays.a.pivotal.role.in.developing.normal.organ.functions.and.in.
causing.pathological.changes.in.the.process.of.certain.diseases..It.includes.cells,.ECMs.like.
collagen,.ibrin,.laminin,.and.ligands.of.cells.with.many.cues.such.as.mechanical.stimuli,.
chemical.factors,.nutrients,.and.oxygen,.etc..The.size.of.these.components.is.usually.pres-
ent. at. a. micrometer. or. nanometer. scale,. and. advanced. nano/microtechnologies. provide.
huge.potential.to.facilitate.tissue.microenvironment.and.tissue.engineering. exploration..
