Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
probe.in.cardiomyocyte.cells.to.test.for.potential.change..The.probe.monitors.the.regularly.
spaced. spikes. with. a. frequency. of.∼2.3.Hz.. When. the. 3D. probe. makes. contact. with. the.
spontaneously.beating.cardiomyocyte.cell,.the.peaks.rapidly.reach.a.steady.state.with.an.
average.calibrated.peak.amplitude.of.∼80.mV.and.a.duration.of.∼200.ms..Furthermore,.the.
latter.steady-state.peaks.show.ive.characteristic.phases.of.cardiac.intracellular.potential:.
resting. state,. rapid. depolarization,. plateau,. rapid. repolarization,. and. hyperpolarization..
Based.on.related.research.works,.this.approach.of.the.3D.nanoscale.probe.is.a.promising.
technique.for.cellular-level.integrative.biological.research.
The. development. of. nanotechnology. has. promoted. the. optimization. investigation. for.
the. existing. platform.. Cell. electroporation. is. a. physical. method. for. transfecting. agents.
into. cells,. which. is. most. widely. used. in. fundamental. and. clinical. applications. with. the.
characteristics.of.being.technically.simple,.with.fast.gene.delivery,.and.no.limits.in.terms.
of.cell.type.and.size..After.many.years.of.application,.the.drawbacks.of.this.method.clearly.
include.low.cell.viability.post-electroporation,.low.transfection.eficiency,.and.a.random.
amount. of. agent. introduced. into. the. cell.. The. Lee. group. at. the. Ohio. State. University.
demonstrated.modiied.electroporation.techniques.for.gene.delivery.applications.(Figure.
21.2).. They. reported. impressive. results. about. using. nanochannel. electroporation. (NEP).
to. deliver. precise. amounts. of. biomolecules. into. living. cells. (Boukany. et. al.. 2011).. The.
fabrication. of. the. nanochannel. was. applied. with. the. DNA. combing. imprinting. (DCI).
technique.(Guan.et.al..2010)..The.process.is.to.stretch.a.DNA.nanostrand.as.a.template.to.
be.embedded.into.a.PDMS.stamp.and.then.to.create.nanochannel.by.sacriicing.the.DNA.
strand..In.this.kind.of.nanochannel,.a.needle.shoots.the.cell.with.an.electrical.pulse.and.a.
speciic.large.or.small.gene.is.transfected.into.the.cell.in.a.dose-control.fashion..NEP.allows.
us.to.investigate.how.drugs.and.other.biomolecules.affect.cell.biology.and.genetic.pathways.
at.a.level.not.achieved.by.any.existing.techniques..This.technique.provides.a.tool.of.great.
potential.for.gene/drug.delivery.with.quantitative.agent.introduction.and.minimum.harm.
to.cells.due.to.the.nanovolume.solution.lux.control.and.a.small.coninement.of.the.cell.
membrane.facing.the.electrical.ield.
Molecular. drugs,. proteins,. antibodies,. and. nucleic. acids. are. important. components. of.
the.cell.body.and.are.located.in.different.sites..The.traficking.map.of.these.biomolecules.
during.a.speciic.biological.event.is.critical.for.investigating.the.cell.behavior.mechanism..
Aided. by. novel. nanotechnology,. biomolecule. manipulation. and. function. development.
are.highly.desired..For.gene.therapy,.nonviral.vector.construction.and.its.eficiency.have.
achieved. increasing. attention. due. to. their. potential. application. in. the. development. of.
Gene solution
Cell
Nanochannel
Figure 21.2
(See companion CD for color igure.)
.Nanoelectroporation.schematic.for.gene.transfection.into.a.cell.with.the.
precise.dose.control.
