Laser Direct-Write - The Nanobiotechnology - page 282

Bohandy—first metal deposition with LIFT Chrisey—LDW creation of
mesoscopic circuit elements

Fernandez, Serra—LIFT with DNA

Esrom—Pd LIFT patterning Odde—LDW with cells

Wu—bovine serum albumin
transfer with MAPLE DW

Hosokawa—viable
transfer of single
mammalian cells

Chrisey—MAPLE DW with metals

Catros—3D
biopaper layer by
layer printing

Karaiskou—LIFT
with DNA

1998

2000 2001 2003 2004 2011

1999

1986 1995

Zergioti—fs deposition of Cr

Gaebel—cardiac patch
printed

Odde—LDW anticipated in
biotechnology

Patz—3D printing of neurons

Chrisey—thin biofilms created with MAPLE DW

Figure 13.3
(See companion CD for color igure.) .Timeline.with.examples.for.electronic,.nanobiological.materials,.and.cell.
patterns.

13.4.2 Laser Direct-Write of Biomaterials

Biomaterials.are.those.materials.that.interact.with,.are.comprised.of,.or.are.derived.from.
biological.systems..Of.central.importance.when.comparing.a.biomaterial.to.conventional.
materials. is. that. of. a. hierarchical. structure.. This. hierarchical. structure. is. present. in. all.
materials,.but.holds.special.importance.for.a.biomaterial..Nanoscale.features.and.macro-
molecule.structures.are.critical.for.biocompatibility,.and.must.be.maintained.through.any.
manufacturing.process.

13.4.2.1 Integrity of Biological Materials in Laser Direct-Write

Femtosecond.laser.pulses.have.been.used.to.transfer.biological.molecules,.such.as.DNA,.
in.a.LIFT.process.with.no.matrix.material..The.extremely.fast.pulses.were.shown.to.propel.
the. transfer. material. with. little. divergence.. Transfer. speeds. faster. than. the. relaxation.
time.of.the.DNA.were.achieved,.thus.avoiding.thermal.damage..The.fast.pulses.required.
suficiently.small.amounts.of.energy.for.transfer.that.no.signiicant.optical.damage.was.
seen.(Karaiskou.2003;.Zergioti.et.al..2005)..Fluorescent.microscopy.with.ethidium.bromide.
demonstrated. that. DNA. can. be. transferred. using. a. LIFT. procedure.. Ethidium. bromide.
intercalates.between.base.pairs,.revealing.the.presence.of.double.stranded.DNA,.but.not.
that. DNA. sequences. remained. fully. intact.. For. further. investigation,. DNA. microarrays.
were. produced. with. a. LIFT. technique. and. suficient. intact. DNA. was. present. in. each.
spot. for. detection. through. luorescent. imaging. of. complementary. strand. hybridization..
A. luence. of. 150.mJ/cm 2 . was. used.. And. the. DNA. remained. suitable. for. downstream.
hybridization.analysis..These.two.studies.reveal.that.DNA.survives.the.laser.energy.and.
mechanical.forces.involved.in.laser.direct-write.procedures..Proteins.such.as.bovine.serum.
albumin.(BSA).and.glutathione.s-transferase.(GST).were.printed.with.550.mJ/cm 2 .luence..