Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
grafted. oligonucleotides.. This. approach. potentially. allows. replicating. a. prefabricated.
oligonucleotide.microarray.at.low.cost.
11.3.2.3  High-Molecular-Weight DNA
High-molecular-weight. DNA. molecules. (typically. over. 10.kbp). are. not. only. major.
subjects. of. biomedical. research. but. also. useful. materials. for. nanotechnology. (Keren.
et.al..2003;.Lebofsky.and.Bensimon.2003)..Nakao.et.al..(2003).found.that.double-stranded.
DNA.can.be.stretched.and.immobilized.on.a.lat.PDMS.surface.and.transferred.on.to.
a.substrate.by.contact.printing..Guan.et.al..later.extended.this.approach.by.generating.
highly.ordered.arrays.of.stretched.DNA.molecules.on.PDMS.stamps.with.relief.features.
and. printing. the. DNA. nanostructures. onto. a. substrate. (Guan. and. Lee. 2005;. Guan.
et.al..2007).
11.3.2.4  Proteins
Using. unmodiied. PDMS. stamps,. Bernard. et. al.. (1998). printed. polyclonal. chicken.
immunoglobulin. G. (IgG). and. alkaline. phosphatase. on. glass. slides. and. polystyrene.
dishes.. Similarly,. LaGraff. and. Chu-LaGraff. printed. primary. IgG. on. glass. treated. with.
oxygen.plasma.(2006)..The.printed.protein.layer.had.a.higher.density.than.that.prepared.
by. the. conventional. method.. Most. importantly,. the. printed. proteins. retained. functions.
comparable. to. those. deposited. by. the. conventional. method.. However,. Wigenius. et. al..
(2008).revealed.that.the.siloxane.residue.leaked.from.a.PDMS.stamp.on.a.substrate.during.
protein. printing. might. contribute. to. unspeciic. binding. of. the. analyzed. proteins. to. the.
printed. IgG. areas.. In. a. method. called. “afinity. contact. printing,”. a. stamp. was. grafted.
with. antigens,. which. allowed. capturing. speciic. antibodies. from. a. complex. mixture. of.
biomolecules. and. printing. the. antibodies. onto. a. substrate. (Bernard. et. al.. 2001;. Renault.
et.al..2002).
11.3.2.5  Peptide Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates
Calabretta.et.al..(2011).printed.synthetic.peptide.nucleic.acids.(PNAs).on.a.glass.surface..
The.PNAs.had.an.amino.end.and.the.glass.surface.was.grafted.with.aldehyde.groups..The.
printing.resulted.in.the.formation.of.imine.linkages.that.were.later.reduced.to.corresponding.
amines..By.printing.carbohydrate-cyclopentadiene.conjugates.on.a.maleimide-terminated.
SAM.through.Diels-Alder.reaction,.Wendeln.et.al..created.carbohydrate.(galactose,.glucose,.
mannose,.lactose,.and.maltose).microarrays.(Wendeln.et.al..2010).
11.3.2.6  Polyelectrolytes
Polyelectrolytes.are.polymers.that.can.be.ionized.and.charged.in.an.aqueous.solution..Yan.
et.al..(1999).printed.polyethyleneimine.(PEI).on.to.a.substrate.coated.with.an.anhydride-
terminated. SAM.. Similarly,. Zheng. et. al.. (2002). printed. poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium.
chloride). (PDAC). with. different. patterns. by. controlling. the. surface. property. of. PDMS.
stamps.. Notably,. when. an. unmodiied. PDMS. stamp. was. used,. discrete. dot-like. PDAC.
structures. were. obtained.. Park. and. Hammond. (2004). later. found. that. poly(allylamine.
hydrochloride).(PAH).could.bind.to.the.surface.of.an.unmodiied.PDMS.stamp.by.hydro-
phobic.interaction..The.PAH.layer.could.be.easily.transferred.on.to.a.substrate.by.contact.
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