Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 13.3
Methods for creating nanofeatures on cp titanium
implants [36]
Methods
Characteristics
Self-assembly of monolayers
The exposed functional end group could
be a molecule with different functions (an
osteoinductive or cell adhesive molecule).
Physical approaches
Compaction of nanoparticles
Conserves the chemistry of the surface
among different topographies. Not readily
applied over implant surfaces.
Ion beam deposition
Can impart nanofeatures to the surface
based on the material used.
Chemical methods
Acid etching
Combined with other methods (sand-
blasting and/or peroxidation) can impart
nanofeatures to the surface and remove
contaminants.
Peroxidation
Produces a titania gel layer.
Both chemical and topography changes
are imparted.
Alkali treatment (NaOH)
Produces a sodium titanate gel layer
allowing hydroxyapatite deposition.
Both chemical and topography changes
are imparted.
Anodization
Can impart nanofeatures to the surface
creating a new oxide layer (based on the
material used).
Nanoparticle deposition
Sol-gel (colloidal particle
adsorption)
Creates a thin-ilm of controlled chemical
characteristics.
Atomic-scale interactions display strong
physical interactions.
Discrete crystalline deposition
Superimposes a nanoscale surface topo-
graphical complexity on the surface.
Lithography and contact
printing technique
Many different shapes and materials can
be applied over the surface.
Approaches are labor intensive and
require considerable development prior
to clinical translation and application on
implant surface.
