Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Low level &
Bottom-up factors
Higher level &
Top-down factors
Factors
Technical factors:
e.g., field of view, display parameters, update rate, immersiveness
Quality of sensory stimulation:
e.g., modality-specific simulation fidelity (visual,
auditory, proprioceptive...), cross-modal consistency
Other factors:
e.g., task-specific factors (cognitive load, task requirements...),
instructions, priming, cognitive framework, degree of control and interactivity
Perception-action loop
Perception
Perceptual
Action
Behavioral effectiveness
Psychological
& physiological
responses
effectiveness
e.g., Self-motion
perception
e.g., Robust spatial
orientation in VR
e.g., Presence
Attention/involvement
Spatial presence
...
...
...
Perception-action loop
Scientific
advancement
e.g., Task-specific
performance
Powerful
research tool
Effectiveness concerning
specific goal/application
Real world
transfer
Ecologically valid
VR simulation
Training
effectiveness
Reduced
simulator sickness
User acceptance
& usability
Entertainment &
gaming value
Fig. 2.3
Tentative conceptual framework that sketches how different factors that can be manipulated
for a given VR/research application (
top box
) might affect the overall effectiveness with respect to
a specific goal or application (
bottom box
). Critically, we posit that the factors affect the overall
goal not (only) directly, but also mediated by the degree to which they support both the perceptual
effectiveness and behavioral effectiveness and the resulting perception-action loop (
middle box
)
manipulating the naturalism and global scene consistency of a visually simulated
scene, Riecke et al. [
84
] showed that the degree of presence in a simulated scene
might also affect self-motion perception. Our actions and behaviors in a VE might,
however, also be affected by our psychological and physiological responses. Von der
Heyde and Riecke proposed, for example, that spatial presence might be a necessary
prerequisite for robust and effortless spatial orientation based on automatic spatial
updating or certain obligatory behaviors like fear of height or fear of narrow enclosed
spaces [
36
,
83
].
