Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
In conclusion, being able to physically walk through large VEs in an unrestricted
manner opens up opportunities that go beyond the study of gait biomechanics, cog-
nition, and spatial navigation in naturalistic environments [
16
,
105
]. It also provides
new possibilities for rehabilitation training [
44
], for edutainment (gaming, virtual
museums), design (architecture, industrial prototyping) and various other applica-
tions. In summary, the CyberWalk treadmill has brought us a significant step forward
towards natural walking in large VEs.
Acknowledgments
The work reported in this chapter was funded by the European 6th Framework
Programme, CyberWalk (FP6-511092). We would like to thank Jan Souman for his invaluable
contributions to the work reported in this chapter.
References
1. Aggarwal JK, Cai Q (1999) Human motion analysis: a review. Comp Vis Image Underst
73(3):428-440
2. Alais D, Burr D (2004) The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration.
Curr Biol 14(3):257-262
3. Alton F, Baldey L, Caplan S, Morrissey MC (1998) A kinematic comparison of overground
and treadmill walking. Clin Biomech 13(6):434-440
4. Battaglia PW, Jacobs RA, Aslin RN (2003) Bayesian integration of visual and auditory signals
for spatial localization. J Opt Soc Am A 20(7):1391-1397
5. Becker W, Nasios G, Raab S, Jürgens R (2002) Fusion of vestibular and podokinesthetic
information during self-turning towards instructed targets. Exp Brain Res 144(4):458-474
6. Bent LR, Inglis JT, McFadyen BJ (2004) When is vestibular information important during
walking? J Neurophysiol 92(3):1269-1275
7. Berthoz A, Israël I, Georges-François P, Grasso R, Tsuzuku T (1995) Spatial memory of body
linear displacement: what is being stored? Science 269(5220):95-98
8. Bles W (1981) Stepping around: circular vection and coriolis effects. In: Long J, Baddeley A
(eds) Attention and performance IX. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
9. Bles W, Kapteyn TS (1977) Circular vection and human posture: I. Does the proprioceptive
system play a role? Aggressologie 18(6): 325-328.
10. Bles W, de Wit G (1978) La sensation de rotation et la marche circulaire (Sensation of rotation
and circular walking). Aggressologie 19(A): 29-30
11. Breniere Y, Do MC (1986) When and how does steady state gait movement induced from
upright posture begin? J Biomech 19(12):1035-1040
12. Bresciani J-P, Dammeier F, Ernst MO (2006) Vision and touch are automatically integrated
for the perception of sequences of events. J Vis 6(5):554-564
13. Bril B, Ledebt A (1998) Head coordination as a means to assist sensory integration in learning
to walk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22(4):555-563
14. BruggemanH, PiuneuVS, Rieser JJ, PickHL Jr (2009) Biomechanical versus inertial informa-
tion: stable individual differences in perception of self-rotation. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept
Perform 35(5):1472-1480
15. Bülthoff HH, Mallot HA (1988) Integration of depth modules: stereo and shading. J Opt Soc
Am 5(10):1749-1758
16. Bülthoff HH, van Veen HJ (2001) Vision and action in virtual environments: Modern psy-
chophysics. In: JenkinML andHarris L (eds.), Spatial cognition research. Vision and attention,
233-252. Springer Verlag, New York.
17. Bülthoff HH, Yuille A (1991) Bayesian models for seeing shapes and depth. Comments on
Theor Biol 2(4):283-314
