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al. [32], as well as Cazabat [33] and co-authors [34-42] that also highlighted many
features of the film spreading issues.
Many Authors, coming from different thinking schools [43-59], studied the fun-
damental aspects of the triple-line and line-tension effects while wetting transition
phenomena were studied by Bonn [60], Humfeld et al. [61], Kefiane et al. [62],
Long et al. [63, 64], Chibowsky [65, 66], Extrand et al. [67-71], Marmur et al. [72-
78], Drelich et al. [79], Tavana et al. [80], Chau [81], pointed their attention mainly
to different typologies of heterogeneous surfaces and hysteresis while Ramos et
al. [82-84] studied the effects of nanoroughed surfaces and Daniel et al. [85, 86]
evaluated wettability gradient surfaces . Hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic be-
haviors have been analyzed by He and Patankar [87-90], Marmur [91], Ferrari et
al. [92], Krasowska et al. [93], Vinogradova [94], Christenson et al. [95], Yamin-
sky, Von Bahr and co-authors [96-99], who also studied the influence of long range
forces and capillarity effects on wetting issues. Reviews of this topic may be also
found in Shirtcliffe et al. [100], Bhushan et al. [101], Nosonovsky et al. [102].
The stability of thin wetting films as well as dewetting problems of polar/nonpolar
substrates have been studied, among the others, by Sharma, Jameel, Khanna et al.
[103-108], Manev et al. [109], Saramago [110], Bertrand et al. [111]. Lyklema
[112, 113], Chen et al. [114], Babak [115], Yeh et al. [116, 117] focused their at-
tention to thermodynamic aspects as like Churaev, Starov et al. [118-123], Li et al.
[124], Boinovich et al. [125, 126], Toshev [127], Djikaev et al. [128] that produced
very interesting papers evaluating surface force interactions in a scenario of en-
ergy minimization. Apart of classic static wetting problems, also dynamic wetting
[7] became a fundamental issue of liquid-solid interactions. As a simple reminder
Rame' et al. [129, 130], De Ruijter et al. [131], Thiele et al. [132] Della Volpe, Si-
boni and co-workers [133-135], Lam, Neumann and co-workers [136-138] deeply
improved the dynamic wetting statements, either by drop deposition experiments ei-
ther by the Wilhelmy [139] technique. Periodic very interesting reviews of the state
of the art of wetting problems are provided by Neumann and co-authors [140-145].
C. Young Equation and True Equilibrium
The previous mentioned Authors, as like many more in this field, gave fundamental
contributions to create the necessary bridge between pure thermodynamic state-
ments and real experiments, in order to reach an effective application of the YE
principles. On this ground it could be helpful to emphasize that frequently the differ-
ent scientific background of those who studied these topics provided quite various
solutions, that still nowadays are acknowledged by the wetting community. In the
last 10-15 years, on the other hand, the experimental accessibility to nanoscale
phenomena revealed new complex aspects of the wetting science.
On a pure scientific ground the Young Equation (1), developed by macroscopic
observations, has to be considered as a full thermodynamic tool able to provide a
deep insight over the energetic connections existing among liquid-solid interfaces,
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