Biomedical Engineering Reference
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al.
[32], as well as Cazabat [33] and co-authors [34-42] that also highlighted many
features of the film spreading issues.
Many Authors, coming from different thinking schools [43-59], studied the fun-
damental aspects of the
triple-line and line-tension effects
while
wetting transition
phenomena
were studied by Bonn [60], Humfeld
et al.
[61], Kefiane
et al.
[62],
Long
et al.
[63, 64], Chibowsky [65, 66], Extrand
et al.
[67-71], Marmur
et al.
[72-
78], Drelich
et al.
[79], Tavana
et al.
[80], Chau [81], pointed their attention mainly
to different typologies of
heterogeneous surfaces and hysteresis
while Ramos
et
al.
[82-84] studied the effects of
nanoroughed surfaces
and Daniel
et al.
[85, 86]
evaluated
wettability gradient
surfaces
.
Hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic be-
haviors
have been analyzed by He and Patankar [87-90], Marmur [91], Ferrari
et
al.
[92], Krasowska
et al.
[93], Vinogradova [94], Christenson
et al.
[95], Yamin-
sky, Von Bahr and co-authors [96-99], who also studied the influence of
long range
forces and capillarity effects
on wetting issues. Reviews of this topic may be also
found in Shirtcliffe
et al.
[100], Bhushan
et al.
[101], Nosonovsky
et al.
[102].
The stability of
thin wetting films
as well as
dewetting
problems
of polar/nonpolar
substrates have been studied, among the others, by Sharma, Jameel, Khanna
et al.
[103-108], Manev
et al.
[109], Saramago [110], Bertrand
et al.
[111]. Lyklema
[112, 113], Chen
et al.
[114], Babak [115], Yeh
et al.
[116, 117] focused their at-
tention to
thermodynamic aspects
as like Churaev, Starov
et al.
[118-123], Li
et al.
[124], Boinovich
et al.
[125, 126], Toshev [127], Djikaev
et al.
[128] that produced
very interesting papers evaluating
surface force interactions
in a scenario of en-
ergy minimization. Apart of classic static wetting problems, also
dynamic wetting
[7] became a fundamental issue of liquid-solid interactions. As a simple reminder
Rame'
et al.
[129, 130], De Ruijter
et al.
[131], Thiele
et al.
[132] Della Volpe, Si-
boni and co-workers [133-135], Lam, Neumann and co-workers [136-138] deeply
improved the dynamic wetting statements, either by drop deposition experiments ei-
ther by the Wilhelmy [139] technique. Periodic very interesting reviews of the state
of the art of wetting problems are provided by Neumann and co-authors [140-145].
C. Young Equation and True Equilibrium
The previous mentioned Authors, as like many more in this field, gave fundamental
contributions to create the necessary bridge between pure thermodynamic state-
ments and real experiments, in order to reach an effective application of the YE
principles. On this ground it could be helpful to emphasize that frequently the differ-
ent scientific background of those who studied these topics provided quite various
solutions, that still nowadays are acknowledged by the wetting community. In the
last 10-15 years, on the other hand, the experimental accessibility to nanoscale
phenomena revealed new complex aspects of the wetting science.
On a pure scientific ground the
Young Equation
(1), developed by macroscopic
observations, has to be considered as a full thermodynamic tool able to provide a
deep insight over the energetic connections existing among liquid-solid interfaces,
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