Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2 Proposed optimal porosities and pore sizes for the regeneration of different tissues
Differentiation
Cells
Biomaterial
Optimal
pore size
(lm)
Optimal
porosity
(%)
References
Osteogenic
Primary fetal
bovine
osteoblasts
Polycaprolactone-
hydroxyapatite
450-750
60-70
[
26
]
Osteogenic
bm-hMSC
b-Tricalcium phosphate
200-600
65
[
29
]
Osteogenic
Rabbit
bm-derived
osteoblasts
Natural coral
200
36
[
126
]
Osteogenic
bm-hMSC
Coralline hydroxyapatite
200
75
[
127
]
Osteogenic
Rat bm MSC
Sintered titanium fiber
mesh
250
86
[
128
]
Osteogenic
ad-hMSC
ZrO
2
ceramic
600
80-89
[
129
,
130
]
Osteogenic
Canine
bm-MSC
b-Tricalcium phosphate
400-500
70
[
131
]
Chondrogenic
ad-hMSC
Polycaprolactone
370-400
80-97
[
32
]
Chondrogenic
bm-hMSC
Polycaprolactone
100-150
-
[
132
]
Chondrogenic
Rabbit
chondrocytes
Chitosan-based
hyaluronic acid
hybrid polymer fibers
400
-
[
133
]
Chondrogenic
Human
chondrocytes
Polycarbonate
8
-
[
134
]
Chondrogenic
Bovine
chondrocytes
Polyurethane
\5-60
-
[
135
]
Myogenic
Canine bm MSC
50:50 poly(lactic-
co-glycolic acid)
50-200
-
[
136
]
Hepatic
ad-hMSC
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid)
120-200
50
[
137
]
ad adipose-derived, bm bone marrow, hMSC human mesenchymal stem cells, MSC mesenchymal
stem cells
2. Trabecular bone, also known as spongy bone and which is located in the end of
long bones (epiphysis), in vertebrae, and in flat bones such as the pelvis
Cortical bone is much denser, with a porosity of only 5-10% [
35
], whereas the
porosity of trabecular bone ranges between 78 and 92% [
36
]. Because of the low
porosity of cortical bone, there are no descriptions of pore sizes. However, various
canals such as the Haversian canals cross the cortical bone. The Haversian canals
contain blood vessels and nerve cells and are therefore responsible for nutrient
supply and the conduction of nervous stimuli. These longitudinal channels have
an average diameter of 50 lm[
37
]. The trabecular spacing was measured by
Hakulinen et al. [
38
] via a quantitative ultrasound technique. A mean pore size of
719 ± 110 lm was calculated and compared with the data obtained by micro-
computed tomography. The micro-computed tomography data showed a much
higher variation of trabecular spacing, with pore sizes ranging from 482 to
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