Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Other effects are due to the use of SCs as a vehicle for gene transfer and other
outcomes seem to be due to immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Thus, surprisingly few data support the theory that SCs back up to repair the
damaged tissue in this approaches, although this is the typical characteristic and
theory of the mechanism of action of adult SCs in vivo. Obviously, there is still a
lack of knowledge of how to treat and stimulate differentiation of SCs in vitro to
achieve the desired effect in tissue or organ regeneration. Nevertheless, good
results can already be achieved in some approaches and these are, as well as the
hematopoietic SC transplantation mentioned above, the use of SCs in less complex
tissues such as hard tissues for bone or dental replacements. Small bone defects
such as the osseointegration of implants can already be treated with reasonably
good results and the next successful step can be expected to be the treatment
of large bone defects, once the regulation of angiogenesis has been solved by
supportive scaffolds allowing the in-growth of vessels and the regulated replace-
ment of the artificial material or the long-term integration of the tissue replacement
into the natural bone.
It could be the missing or incorrect microenvironment, mimicking the SC niche
in vitro, which is the cause of the shortfall in SC-derived therapies for more
complex tissues or even organs.The use of scaffolds might therefore be the solution
for this problem in the future. However, fundamental questions have first to be
answered: how does the structure of hMSCs control the interfacial cell-scaffold
architecture and how might this be influenced by the scaffold manufacturing
process? For this, model interfaces on the nanometer scale have to be created to
understand the processes at the cell-scaffold interface in detail and finally develop
approaches for quantitative control.
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge Yu Zhang for his great help in drawing the
beautiful pictures for this work. Without his highly appreciated input, this chapter would have
been less vivid. The results summarized in this work were supported by BMBF-AIF, AdiPaD;
FKZ: 1720X06.
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