The Emerging Applications of Graphene Oxide and Graphene in Tissue Engineering - Biomimetics: Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering - page 275

12
The Emerging Applications of
Graphene Oxide and Graphene in
Tissue Engineering
Samad Ahadian 1 , Murugan Ramalingam 1,2,3 and Ali Khademhosseini 1,4,5, *
1 WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
2 National Institute of Health and Medical Research U977, Faculty of Dental
Surgery, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
3 Centre for Stem Cell Research, A unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biotechnology (Government of India),
Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
4 Department of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and
Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for
Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
5 Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral
Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Abstract
Scaffolds, growth factors, and cells are the key components of tissue engineering
(TE) approaches to tissue repair and regeneration. Scaffolds can be prepared using
biocompatible materials with the aim of mimicking the native extracellular matrix
(ECM) to provide a suitable microenvironment for the cells to grow. Graphene
oxide (GO) and graphene have recently gained much attention as promising TE
scaffold materials due to their remarkable characteristics, such as high mechani-
cal properties, unique surface chemistry, high conductivity, and biocompatibility.
Physicochemical properties of these materials, including surface functionaliza-
tion and topography, can be precisely controlled and therefore they can provide a
well-designed milieu for various cell and TE applications. Furthermore, GO and
graphene could serve as a candidate material to investigate various aspects of