Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials - Biomimetics: Advancing Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering - page 166

Lipoteichoic acids : In lipoteichoic acids (LTA), polysaccharides
lengthen through the peptidoglycan layer and come out on the cell surface
[34]. Only gram positive bacteria have these LTA structures which work

like antigenic determinants [35].
Lipopolysaccharides : The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are present on the
cell surface of the gram

−

negative bacteria and are connected to the outer
membrane of the bacteria by lipid molecules [36].
Bacterial growth: Bacteria growth is similar to eukaryotic growth in
which a single cell divides into two daughter cells; this process is known
as binary fi ssion of the cells (Figure 7.6). During the division process
chromosomal DNA duplicates, followed by inward growth of the bacte-
rial membrane and cell wall, and fi nally a mother cell divides into two
daughter cells [7]. Bacteria have their usual habit to form a colony on the
substrate. The colony of E.coli bacteria is shown in Figure 7.7, where the
substrate is the gelatine

−

− coated glass control.

Bacteria just after division

Bacteria in division state

2 μ m

Figure 7.6 SEM image revealing binary fi ssion of E.coli bacteria after growing on
a tissue culture glass control surface (unpublished image).

20 μ m 10 μ m

Figure 7.7 SEM images to illustrate colony formation of E.coli on glass substrate
(unpublished image).