Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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d
reconstruction by transferring tissue from one location in
the human body to the diseased site. Furthermore, arti-
ficial devices made of plastic, metal, or fabrics are uti-
lized. Mechanical devices such as dialysis machines or
total joint replacement prostheses are used, and meta-
bolic products of the lost tissue, such as insulin, are
supplemented. Although these therapies have saved and
improved
7.1.2 Overview of tissue
engineering
Simon P. Hoerstrup and Joseph P. Vacanti
millions
of
lives,
they
remain
imperfect
solutions.
Tissue engineering represents a new, emerging in-
terdisciplinary field applying a set of tools at the interface
of the biomedical and engineering sciences that use living
cells or attract endogenous cells to aid tissue formation or
regeneration (
Rabkin
et al.,
2002
) to restore, maintain, or
improve tissue function.
Engineered tissues using the patient's own (autolo-
gous) cells or immunologically inactive allogeneic or xe-
nogeneic cells offer the potential to overcome the current
problems of replacing lost tissue function and to provide
new therapeutic options for diseases such as metabolic
deficiencies.
Introduction
The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is a frequent,
devastating, and costly problem in health care, occurring
in millions of patients every year. In the United States,
approximately 9 million surgical procedures are per-
formed annually to treat these disorders, and 40 to 90
million hospital days are required. The total national
health-care costs for these patients exceed $500 billion
per year (
Langer and Vacanti, 1993
,1999). Organ or
tissue loss is currently treated by transplanting organs
from one individual to another or performing surgical
