Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Mechanical
properties
Architecture
Biological signals
Resorbtion rate
Chemistry
Table 7.1.1-1 Control of structure and function of an engineered
tissue
Source
Phenotype
Condition
Cells
Scaffold
Cells
Biodegradable matrix/scaffold
Source
Architecture/porosity/chemistry
Construct
In vitro maturation
in a bioreactor
Cell proliferation
Cell activation
ECM elaboration
Proteolytic enzymes
Allogenic
Composition/charge
Xenogenic
Homogeneity/isotropy
Mechanical stimuli
Growth factors
Nutrients
Autologous
Stability/resorption rate
Type/phenotype
Bioactive molecules/ligands
Single versus multiple types
Soluble factors
Differentiated cells from
primary or other tissue
Mechanical properties
Strength
Adult bone-marrow stem cells
Compliance
Engineered Tissue
or Organ
In vivo remodeling
Phenotypic modulation
ECM organization
Scaffold degradation
Tissue adaptation/growth?
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells
Ease of manufacture
Density
Bioreactor conditions
Viability
Nutrients/oxygen
Gene expression
Growth factors
Genetic manipulation
Perfusion and flow
conditions
Mechanical factors
Pulsatile
Hemodynamic shear
stresses
Tension/compression
Fig. 7.1.1-2 Tissue engineering paradigm. In the first step
of the typical tissue engineering approach, differentiated or
undifferentiated cells are seeded on a bioresorbable scaffold and
then the construct matured in vitro in a bioreactor. During
maturation, the cells proliferate and elaborate extracellular matrix to
form a ''new'' tissue. In the second step, the construct is implanted
in the appropriate anatomical position, where remodeling in vivo
is intended to recapitulate the normal tissue/organ structure and
function. The key variables in the principal components
d
cells,
scaffold, and bioreactor
d
are indicated. (From Rabkin, E., and
Schoen, F. J., 2002, Cardiovascular tissue engineering.
Cardiovasc. Pathol. 11: 305.)
(From Rabkin, E., and Schoen, F. J., 2002, Cardiovascular tissue engineering.
Cardiovasc. Pathol. 11: 305.)
et al,
1999;
Strain and Neuberger, 2002
).
Tissue engi-
neering
also seeks to understand structure/function re-
lationships in normal and pathological tissues (particularly
those related to embryological development and healing)
and to control cell and tissue responses to injury, physical
stimuli, and biomaterials surfaces, through chemical,
pharmacological, mechanical, and genetic manipulation.
This is an immensely exciting field.
and to control nonspecific interactions between cells and a
biomaterial, so that cell responses specifically follow de-
sired receptor-ligand interactions. Another approach uses
biohybrid extracorpo-real artificial organs using functional
cells that are isolated from the recipient's blood or tissues
by an impermeable membrane (Colton, 1995; Humes
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