Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and test parameters, which need to be carefully con-
trolled in order to allow adequate interpretation of data.
HA has been used clinically in a range of different
forms and applications. It has been utilised as a dense,
sintered ceramic for middle ear implant applications
(van Blitterswijk
et al.
, 1990) and alveolar ridge re-
construction and augmentation (Quin and Kent, 1984;
Cranin
et al.
, 1987), in porous form (Smiler and Holmes,
1987; Bucholz
et al.
, 1987), as granules for filling bony
defects in dental and orthopaedic surgery (Aoki, 1994;
Fujishiro
et al.
, 1997; Oonishi
et al.
, 1990; Froum
et al.,
1986; Galgut
et al
., 1990; Wilson and Low, 1992), and as
a coating on metal implants (Cook
et al.
, 1992a, b; De
Groot, 1987).
Another successful clinical application for HA has
been in the form of a filler in a polymer matrix. The
original concept of a bioceramic polymer composite was
introduced by Bonfield and co-workers and the idea was
based on the concept that cortical bone itself comprises
an organic matrix reinforced with a mineral component.
The material developed by Bonfield and co-workers
contains up to 50 vol % HA in a PE matrix, has a stiffness
similar to that of cortical bone, has high toughness, and
has been found to exhibit bone bonding
in vivo.
The
material has been used as an orbit implant for orbital floor
fractures and volume augmentation (Tanner
et al.
, 1994)
and is now used in middle ear implants, commercialized
under the trade name HAPEX (Bonfield, 1996).
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