Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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achieved clinical success. This section examines differ-
ences in processing and structure, describes the chemical
and microstructural basis for their differences in physical
properties, and relates properties and tissue response to
particular clinical applications. For a historical review of
these biomaterials, see Hulbert
et al
. (1987).
3.2.10 Ceramics, glasses,
and glass-ceramics
Larry L. Hench and Serena Best
Ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics include a broad range
of inorganic/nonmetallic compositions. In the medical in-
dustry, these materials have been essential for eyeglasses,
diagnostic instruments, chemical ware, thermometers,
tissue culture flasks, and fiber optics for endoscopy. In-
soluble porous glasses have been used as carriers for en-
zymes, antibodies, and antigens, offering the advantages of
resistance to microbial attack, pH changes, solvent condi-
tions, temperature, and packing under high pressure re-
quired for rapid flow (Hench and Ethridge, 1982).
Ceramics are also widely used in dentistry as
restorative materials such as in gold-porcelain crowns,
glass-filled ionomer cements, and dentures. These dental
ceramics are discussed by Phillips (1991).
This section focuses on ceramics, glasses, and glass-
ceramics used as implants. Although dozens of compo-
sitions have been explored in the past, relatively few have
Types of bioceramics—tissue
attachment
It is essential to recognize that no one material is suitable
for all biomaterial applications. As a class of biomaterials,
ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics are generally used to
repair or replace skeletal hard connective tissues. Their
success depends upon achieving a stable attachment to
connective tissue.
The mechanism of tissue attachment is directly re-
lated to the type of tissue response at the implant-tissue
interface. No material implanted in living tissue is inert
because all materials elicit a response from living tissues.
There are four types of tissue response (
Table 3.2.10-1
)
and four different means of attaching prostheses to the
skeletal system (
Table 3.2.10-2
).
