Biomedical Engineering Reference
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FIGURE 9.4 Initiation of an immune response. A pathogen or allergen is presented by an
antigen-presenting cell (innate immune system) to a na ıve T lymphocyte (adaptive immune
system) resulting in the initiation of an antigen-specific immune response. The T-cell
responses—proliferation, cytokine production, and modulation of cell surface marker—can
be monitored using flow cytometric methods.
FIGURE 9.5
CD4 T-lymphocyte differentiation and subsets.
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