Cryptography Reference
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where I k is the unit matrix of order k .
Developing recursively, we obtain:
n
I 2 i− 1
I N/ 2 i
H N =
H 2
i =1
The fast Hadamard transform is in fact the use of this factorization to calculate
R .
Example 8.6
Let us calculate the Hadamard transform of vector
R =[0 . 2; 0 . 5;
0 . 7; 1 . 3; 0 . 1;
1 . 1; 0 . 8;
0 . 3]
We have R = RH 8 with
11111111
1
11
11
11
1
11
1
11 1
1
1
1
1
11 1
1
11
H 8 =
1111
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
11
11
11
1
1
1
11 1
1
1
11
11 1
1
The direct calculation gives:
R =[0 . 8; 0 . 0;
1 . 4; 1 . 8; 1 . 8;
4 . 6; 1 . 6; 1 . 6]
Now, according to the above, H 8 = G 1 G 2 G 3 where G i = I i
H 2
I 8 / 2 i ,
we have:
10001000
01000100
00100010
00010001
1000
1000
0100
0010
0001
11
1
G 1 =[1]
=
1000
0100 0
1
10 0
0010 0 0
10
0001 0 0 0
1
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