Hardware Reference
In-Depth Information
Tabl e 4. 5
Synthesis
results
derived
by
the
operation-
interdependency-aware
synthesis
approach
on
direct-addressing
biochips
Completion time (s)
Size of
Bioassay
the biochip
D/M phases
T phases
Tot al
8 8
57
125
182
Exponential
9 9
32
106
138
dilution
10 8
37
117
154
bioassay
12 8
22
145
167
8
8
44
114
158
Interpolation
9
9
29
102
131
dilution
10
8
32
114
146
bioassay
12
8
21
130
151
can find that when the size of the biochip grows from 8
8 to 12
8, the time spent
on droplet dilution/mixing decreases while the time spent on droplet transportation
increases.
4.5.4
Completion Time with Multiple Clock Frequencies
For the biochip with multiple clock frequencies, if we increase the clock frequency
for T phase, then the execution time for the bioassay is reduced. When bioassays are
executed on an 8
8 direct-addressing biochip, the relationship between execution
time of bioassays and the clock frequency of the T phase is shown in Fig.
4.8
.
By increasing f
T
from 1 to 10 Hz, the execution time for exponential dilution
bioassay is shortened from 182 to 70 s. The completion time for interpolation
dilution and PCR are also listed in Fig.
4.8
.
From the simulation results, we find that when the clock frequency of the T phase
increases, the completion times of PCR bioassay does not decrease significantly.
This is because the time for droplet transportation in the PCR bioassay is relatively
low.
4.6
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
In this chapter, we have shown how cyberphysical integration in digital microfluidics
can be used to carry out on-chip bioassays despite the timing uncertainties inherent
in fluidic operations such as mixing, dilution, and thermal cycling. We have
presented an operation-interdependency-aware synthesis method that is responsive
to such uncertainties. The proposed design approach facilitates dynamic on-line
