Hardware Reference
In-Depth Information
Based on the pre-determined module-placement results and droplet transporta-
tion paths, the bioassay can be performed under the completion-time uncertainties
and yet provide high accuracy in the final reaction outcome.
4.5
Simulation Results
In this section, we first compare the proposed uncertainly-aware synthesis algorithm
with previous work. Then the simulation results derived under different clock
frequencies are presented.
4.5.1
Comparisons Between the Proposed Synthesis Algorithm
and Previous Algorithms
In this part, we evaluate and compare our results with prior work on biochip
synthesis [ 6 , 12 , 13 ] and a recently published cyberphysical software-based recovery
method based on a greedy algorithm [ 11 , 21 ]. All these baseline methods are
oblivious of timing uncertainties in fluidic operations. The proposed synthesis
algorithm is compared with prior work in the following aspects: (i) the number of
droplets consumed; (ii) the yield of bioassay; (iii) the response time in the presence
of timing uncertainties; and (iv) the number of operations that are interrupted from
the completion-time uncertainties.
4.5.2
Number of Droplets Consumed
For the synthesis algorithm proposed in [ 21 , 22 ], bioassays are characterized before
they are executed on the biochip. In the characterization procedure, each operation
needs to be executed at least three times [ 9 ]. The comparison of the number of
droplets consumed for each bioassay in [ 12 , 21 , 22 ] and the proposed design is
shown in Fig. 4.7 . Note that the prior methods use the same number of droplets
each. We find that the number of droplets is significantly reduced in the proposed
design.
4.5.2.1
Yield Estimation for Biochips with No Feedback-Based
Adaptation
As discussed in Sect. 4.1 , the execution time of a fluidic operations needs to be
considered as a random variable rather than a known constant. If no feedback-based
control is used and the synthesis of the biochip only relies on a module library with
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