Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements - Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures - page 29

Fig. 2-14. Moderate sulfate resistant cements and high sulfate resistant cements improve the sulfate resistance of concrete
elements, such as (left to right) slabs on ground, pipe, and concrete posts exposed to high-sulfate soils. (68985, 52114, 68986)

Fig. 2-16. Moderate heat and low heat cements minimize heat
generation in massive elements or structures such as (left)
very thick bridge supports, and (right) dams. Hoover dam,
shown here, used a Type IV cement to control temperature
rise. (65258, 68983)

during hardening must be minimized (Fig. 2-16). Type IV
cement is rarely available.

Fig. 2-15. Specimens used in the outdoor sulfate test plot in
Sacramento, California, are 150 x 150 x 760-mm (6 x 6 x 30-in.)
beams. A comparison of ratings is illustrated: (top) a rating of
5 for 12-year old concretes made with Type V cement and a
water-to-cement ratio of 0.65; and (bottom) a rating of 2 for 16-
year old concretes made with Type V cement and a water-to-
cement ratio of 0.39 ( Stark 2002 ). (68840, 68841)

Type V

Type V portland cement is used in concrete exposed to
severe sulfate action—principally where soils or ground-
waters have a high sulfate content (Figs. 2-13 to 2-15). It
gains strength more slowly than Type I cement. Table 2-2
lists sulfate concentrations requiring the use of Type V
cement. The high sulfate resistance of Type V cement is
attributed to a low tricalcium aluminate content, not more
than 5%. Use of a low water to cementitious materials ratio
and low permeability are critical to the performance of any
concrete exposed to sulfates. Even Type V cement concrete
cannot withstand a severe sulfate exposure if the concrete
has a high water to cementitious materials ratio (Fig. 2-15

Type IV
Type IV portland cement is used where the rate and
amount of heat generated from hydration must be mini-
mized. It develops strength at a slower rate than other
cement types. Type IV cement is intended for use in
massive concrete structures, such as large gravity dams,
where the temperature rise resulting from heat generated