Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
hand over the surface. The required amount of coloring
material can usually be determined from previously cast
sections. After the material has absorbed water from the
fresh concrete, it should be floated into the surface. Then
the rest of the material should be applied immediately at
right angles to the initial application, so that a uniform
color is obtained. The slab should again be floated to work
the remaining material into the surface.
Other finishing operations may follow depending
on the type of finish desired. Curing should begin
immediately after finishing; take precautions to prevent
discoloring the surface. See
Kosmatka (1991)
for more
information.
REFERENCES
ACI Committee 116,
Cement and Concrete Technology,
ACI
116R-00, ACI Committee 116 Report, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2000, 73 pages.
ACI Committee 207,
Cooling and Insulating Systems for
Mass Concrete,
ACI 207.4R-93, reapproved 1998, ACI
Committee 207 Report, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1998, 22 pages.
ACI Committee 207,
Effect of Restraint, Volume Change, and
Reinforcement on Cracking of Mass Concrete,
ACI 207.2R-95,
ACI Committee 207 Report, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1995, 26 pages.
POLYMER-PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE
ACI Committee 207,
Mass Concrete,
ACI 207.1R-96, ACI
Committee 207 Report, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1996, 42 pages.
Polymer-portland cement concrete (PPCC), also called
polymer-modified concrete, is basically normal portland
cement concrete to which a polymer or monomer has been
added during mixing to improve durability and adhesion.
Thermoplastic and elastomeric latexes are the most com-
monly used polymers in PPCC, but epoxies and other
polymers are also used. In general, latex improves duc-
tility, durability, adhesive properties, resistance to chlo-
ride-ion ingress, shear bond, and tensile and flexural
strength of concrete and mortar. Latex-modified concretes
(LMC) also have excellent freeze-thaw, abrasion, and
impact resistance. Some LMC materials can also resist cer-
tain acids, alkalies, and organic solvents. Polymer-port-
land cement concrete is primarily used in concrete
patching and overlays, especially bridge decks. See
ACI
548.3R
for more information on polymer-modified con-
crete and
ACI 548.4
for LMC overlays.
ACI Committee 207,
Roller-Compacted Mass Concrete,
ACI
207.5R-99, ACI Committee 207 Report, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1999, 46 pages.
ACI Committee 211,
Guide for Selecting Proportions for
No-Slump Concrete,
ACI 211.3R-97, ACI Committee 211
Report, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Michigan, 1997, 26 pages.
ACI Committee 211,
Standard Practice for Selecting
Proportions for Structural Lightweight Concrete,
ACI 211.2-
98, ACI Committee 211 Report, American Concrete Insti-
tute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1998, 18 pages.
ACI Committee 211,
Standard Practice for Selecting
Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete,
ACI 211.1-91, reapproved 1997, ACI Committee 211
Report, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Michigan, 1997, 38 pages.
FERROCEMENT
ACI Committee 213,
Guide for Structural Lightweight
Aggregate Concrete,
ACI 213R-87, reapproved 1999, ACI
Committee 213 Report, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1999, 27 pages.
Ferrocement is a special type of reinforced concrete com-
posed of closely spaced layers of continuous relatively
thin metallic or nonmetallic mesh or wire embedded in
mortar. It is constructed by hand plastering, shotcreting,
laminating (forcing the mesh into fresh mortar), or a com-
bination of these methods.
The mortar mixture generally has a sand-cement ratio
of 1.5 to 2.5 and a water-cement ratio of 0.35 to 0.50. Rein-
forcement makes up about 5% to 6% of the ferrocement
volume. Fibers and admixtures may also be used to modify
the mortar properties. Polymers or cement-based coatings
are often applied to the finished surface to reduce porosity.
Ferrocement is considered easy to produce in a
variety of shapes and sizes; however, it is labor intensive.
Ferrocement is used to construct thin shell roofs, swim-
ming pools, tunnel linings, silos, tanks, prefabricated
houses, barges, boats, sculptures, and thin panels or sec-
tions usually less than 25 mm (1 in.) thick (
ACI 549R
and
ACI 549.1R
).
ACI Committee 223,
Standard Practice for the Use of
Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete,
ACI 223-98, ACI Com-
mittee 223 Report, American Concrete Institute, Farming-
ton Hills, Michigan, 1998 28 pages.
ACI Committee 224,
Control of Cracking in Concrete Struc-
tures,
ACI 224R-90, ACI Committee 224 Report, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1990,
43 pages.
ACI Committee 230,
State-of-of-the-Art Report on Soil
Cement,
ACI 230.1R-90, reapproved 1997, ACI Committee
230 Report, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, Michigan, 1997, 23 pages. Also available through
PCA as LT120.
