Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
alkali content of the cement used in the old concrete has
little effect on expansion due to alkali-silica-reaction. For
highly reactive aggregates made from recycled concrete,
special measures discussed under “Alkali-Silica Reaction”
should be used to control ASR. Also, even if expansive
ASR did not develop in the original concrete, it can not be
assumed that it will not develop in the new concrete if
special control measures are not taken. Petrographic
examination and expansion tests are recommended to
make this judgment (
Stark 1996
).
Concrete trial mixtures should be made to check the
new concrete's quality and to determine the proper
mixture proportions. One potential problem with using
recycled concrete is the variability in the properties of the
old concrete that may in turn affect the properties of the
new concrete. This can partially be avoided by frequent
monitoring of the properties of the old concrete that is
being recycled. Adjustments in the mixture proportions
may then be needed.
Barksdale, Richard D.,
The Aggregate Handbook,
National
Stone Association, Washington D.C., 1991.
Bérubé, M. A.; Fournier, B.; and Durant, B.,
Alkali-Aggre-
gate Reaction in Concrete,
11th International Conference,
Québec City, Canada, June 2000.
Bhatty, Muhammad S. Y., “Mechanism of Pozzolanic
Reactions and Control of Alkali-Aggregate Expansion,”
Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates,
American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania,
Winter 1985.
Brown, L. S.,
Some Observations on the Mechanics of Alkali-
Aggregate Reaction,
Research Department Bulletin
RX054
,
Portland Cement Association,
http://www.portcement.
org/pdf_files/RX054.pdf
, 1955.
Buck, Alan D., “Recycled Concrete as a Source of
Aggregate,”
ACI Journal,
American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, May 1977, pages 212 to 219.
Buck, Alan D., and Mather, Katharine,
Reactivity of Quartz
at Normal Temperatures,
Technical Report SL-84-12,
Structures Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi,
July 1984.
REFERENCES
AASHTO,
Guide Specification For Highway Construction
SECTION 56X Portland Cement Concrete Resistant to Ex-
cessive Expansion Caused by Alkali-Silica Reaction
(Appendix
F to ASR Transition Plan),
http://leadstates.tamu.edu
/ASR/library/gspec.stm
, 2001.
Buck, Alan D.; Mather, Katharine; and Mather, Bryant,
Cement Composition and Concrete Durability in Sea Water,
Technical Report SL-84-21, Structures Laboratory, Water-
ways Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Vicksburg, Mississippi, December 1984.
Abrams, D. A.,
Design of Concrete Mixtures,
Lewis Institute,
Structural Materials Research Laboratory, Bulletin No. 1,
PCA as
LS001
, Chicago,
http://www.portcement.org/
pdf_files/LS001.pdf
, 1918, 20 pages.
Bureau of Reclamation,
Concrete Manual,
8th ed., U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1981.
ACI Committee 116,
Cement and Concrete Technology,
ACI
116R-00, ACI Committee 116 Report, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2000, 73 pages.
Crouch, L. K.; Sauter, Heather J.; and Williams, Jakob A.,
“92-Mpa Air-entrained HPC,” TRB-Record 1698,
Concrete
2000,
page 24.
ACI Committee 201,
Guide to Durable Concrete,
ACI 201.2R-
92, reapproved 1997, American Concrete Institute, Farm-
ington Hills, Michigan, 1992.
ECCO (Environmental Council of Concrete Organizations),
“Recycling Concrete and Masonry,”
EV 22, Skokie, Illinois,
http://www.ecco.org/pdfs/ev22.pdf
, 1999, 12 pages.
ACI Committee 216,
Guide for Determining the Fire Endur-
ance of Concrete Elements,
ACI 216R-89, reapproved 1994,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michi-
gan, 1989.
EPA,
Acid Rain, Research Summary,
EPA-600/8-79-028, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
October 1979.
EPA,
Final Report, U.S. EPA Workshop on Acid Deposition
Effects on Portland Cement Concrete and Related Materials,
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, February 1986.
ACI Committee 221,
Guide for Use of Normal Weight Aggre-
gates in Concrete,
ACI 221R-96, American Concrete Insti-
tute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1996.
ACI Committee 221,
Guide to Alkali Aggregate Reactions,
ACI 221.1-98, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, Michigan, 1998.
Farny, James A. and Kosmatka, Steven H.,
Diagnosis and
Control of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions,
IS413
, Portland Ce-
ment Association, 1997, 24 pages.
ACI Committee 515,
A Guide to the Use of Waterproofing,
Dampproofing, Protective, and Decorative Barrier Systems for
Concrete,
ACI 515.1R-79, revised 1985, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 1979.
Fournier, B.,
CANMET/Industry Joint Research Program on
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction—Fourth Progress Report,
Canada
Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, 1997.
