Threat by chemical substances: Legislation, production, use and waste - Environmental Deterioration and Contamination: Problems and their Management - page 57

Some food and food supplements: Some mixtures of industrial origin:

- Alcoholic beverages - Coal tars and coal tar pitches

- Areca nut - Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated

- Salted fish (Chinese style) - Shale oils

- Tobacco - Wood dust, etc.

- Betel quid

ACS in the US publishes Cancer Facts and Figures every year, see ACS (2010);
ACS (2011); ACS (2012) and ACS Report (2011).
The European Chemical Bureau listed first the carcinogenic chemicals in Annex I
of the Dangerous Substance Directive (DSD, 1967). Based on existing European data,
Muller & Bos (2004) created a list of 514 potentially CMR chemicals occurring in
consumer preparations (excluding human and veterinary medicines). Later on the new
Regulation of Classification and Labeling of Products (CLP, 2008) gave the list of clas-
sified and labeled hazardous substances (more than 4,000), including CMR chemicals
in Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (CLP VI, 2008). The number of substances on
the Candidate List is 144 currently, as last updated on 20 June 2013 (EU Candidate
List, 2013)
International and national authorities and agencies also prepared their own lists
on carcinogens:

- ACS List (2013) List of the American Cancer Society;

- EC DG (2013) The list of substances banned for use in cosmetic products, Health

and Consumers, Consumer Affairs (Health and Consumers, 2013);

- ECHA Europa (2013) List of registered substances under REACH and the

searchable eChem Portal;

- KEMI Database (2013) N-class database of the Swedish National Chemicals

Inspectorate (KEMI, 2013);

- NIOSH List (2012) NIOSH carcinogen list, National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH, 2013);

- NTP (2011) 12th RoCs and listed substances, National Toxicology Program;

- OSHA Europe (2013) Exploratory Survey of OELs for CMR substances;

- TRGS 905 (2008) List of CMR substances classified by the “Ausschuss für

Gefahrstoffe'' using the same criteria as EEG/67/548;

- WHO IARC (2013) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to

humans, databases, WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer.

7 MUTAGENS

Mutagens are usually chemical compounds or ionizing radiation. Mutagens can be
divided into different categories according to their effect on DNA replication:

- Some mutagens act as base analogs and get inserted into the DNA strand during

replication in place of the substrates;