Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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Estimation and Assessment of Substance Exposure (MEASE) is another occupa-
tional exposure assessment tool for REACH for inhalation and dermal exposure,
based on measured data from the metals industry. It is suitable for the comparative
evaluation of risk management measures also (MEASE, 2013);
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EMKG-Expo-Tool (2013) is the exposure assessment part of the German Easy
to Use Workplace Control Scheme (EMKG). It is under development and recom-
mended for the initial estimation of occupational exposure in the chemical safety
assessment under REACH.
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Stoffenmanager (2013) developed for occupational management of chemicals:
2002: First concept—prioritization tool; 2005: Version 1.0—quantification and
validation of exposure model; 2008: Version 3.5—quantitative inhalation route
solids & liquids; 2009: Version 4.0—separate module for exposure estimation,
abrasion activities and REACH; 2011: Version 4.5—CLP/GHS, respirable dust,
REACH and CHESAR coupling; 2011: Stoffenmanager Nano (Stoffenmanager,
2013). European committee officially recognizes Stoffenmanager as a REACH
instrument;
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REACT (2013) is a Reach Exposure Assessment Consumer Tool, developed by
the international Association for Soaps, Detergents and Maintenance Products
(A.I.S.E.);
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HERA Project, Human and Environmental Risk Assessment on ingredients of
household cleaning products is another activity of A.I.S.E, in cooperation with
Cefic (HERA, 2013);
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RISKOFDERM (2013) is a Dermal Exposure Model for estimating potential der-
mal exposure, i.e. the total amount of a substance coming into contact with the
protective clothing, work clothing and exposed skin. It is based on statistical anal-
ysis of data gathered in the RISKOFDERM project, a European project on dermal
exposure.
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CHESAR, CHEmical Safety Assessment and Reporting tool is an application
developed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to help companies carry
out their chemical safety assessments (CSAs) and prepare their chemical safety
reports (CSRs) and exposure scenarios (ES) for communication in the supply chain
(CHESAR, 2013)
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)—the second task of Life Cycle Assessment—
evaluates hundreds of chemicals from different sources for their potential impacts
together with other stressors (e.g. resource depletion). LCIA does not necessarily
attempt to quantify any specific actual impacts associated with a product, process,
or activity. Instead, it seeks to establish linkage between a system and the potential
impacts. The models used within LCIA are generally the simplified versions of more
sophisticated models, and the results are suitable for relative comparisons of the poten-
tial to cause human or environmental damage, but are not indicators of absolute risk
or actual damage to human health or the environment. The LCIA is never at the
same level of rigor as a traditional risk assessment; the results are suitable for relative
comparisons, but not sufficient for absolute predictions of risk (US EPA LCA, 2006;
Jensen & Remmen, 2004). One of the simplifications is the use of midpoint modeling
instead of end-point modeling. It means that the damaging potential of a stressor is
preferably assessed, instead of the damage. For example instead of the end points of
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