Site-specific risk assessment and management of point and diffuse sources - Environmental Deterioration and Contamination: Problems and their Management - page 373

always the least efficient solution for both point and diffuse sources. Collected runoff
water can be treated in natural or artificial ponds, artificial and natural wetlands before
discharging it into the receptor surface water. Nutrients in the runoff water can be uti-
lized for growing plants in the protective utility. When toxic elements are present in the
runoff, stabilization or selective extraction of these toxic elements should be combined
with plant growth. Sometimes the only feasible risk reduction measure in the vicinity
of the receptor is to restrict the use of the contaminating substance or to use protective
equipment.
Prevention is the most efficient and feasible management option for both point
and diffuse source pollution. Risk-based management requires innovative methods
focusing on life cycle thinking, selection of the best possible option, reduction of
uncertainties and the use of verified management and assessment methods and risk
reduction technologies.

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