Site-specific risk assessment and management of point and diffuse sources - Environmental Deterioration and Contamination: Problems and their Management - page 351

focuses on the prediction of water erosion and sediment delivery to rivers. It can be used
to i) estimate soil loss and sediment deposition rates and patterns by water erosion;
ii) delineate areas in an agricultural landscape that are prone to water erosion processes;
iii) simulate the impact of various scenarios of an integrated watershed management
(soil conservation measures, sediment control techniques) on the rates and patterns of
soil loss and sediment delivery to rivers.
HEC-RAS (2013) is designed to perform one-dimensional hydraulic calculations
for a full network of natural and constructed channels. The major parts of HEC-RAS
are: user interface; hydraulic analysis components; data storage and management;
graphics and reporting and the RAS mapper. The HEC-RAS system contains four
one-dimensional river analysis components for: i) steady flow water surface profile
computations; ii) unsteady flow simulation; iii) movable boundary sediment transport
computations; and iv) water quality analysis.
EEA (European Economic Area) initiated the PRAMS (2013) (Preliminary Risk
Assessment Models) a risk scoring system for the classification and assessment of
individual sites. The system includes identification, classification and assessment of
problem areas in Europe such as industrial and mining sites. EEA PRAMS, the US
EPA-based AIMSS (Abandoned and Inactive Mines Scoring Systems) and Irish HMS-
IRC (Inventory and Risk Characterization) models for risk assessment of abandoned
sites are reviewed by Falconi et al. (2013) and Abdaal et al . (2012).
Quantification tools for diffuse transport modeling were assessed and compared
in the EUROHARP Project in order to harmonize the nutrient loss calculations in
Europe (Kronwang et al. , 2009). Some of the European transport models applicable
for diffuse pollution are:

- ANIMO: a simulation model for evaluation of nitrate leaching to groundwater,

N- and P-loads on surface waters and greenhouse gas emissions. The model com-
prises descriptions of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in both the
unsaturated and saturated parts of the soil.

- NLCAT Highly process-orientated tool, dynamics nutrient inputs are modeled in

a two or three-dimensional way. All major biological and chemical processes that
occur in soils are taken into account (Schoumans, et al. , 2005).

- MONERIS (2013) is a semi-empirical, conceptual model for the quantification of

nutrient emissions from point and diffuse sources in river watersheds. The model
is based on data for runoff and water quality for the study area, along with a
Geographical Information System (GIS) and thus brings together digital maps as
well as statistical information for different administrative levels. The application
of MONERIS allows regionally differentiated quantification of nutrient emissions
into a river system on the level of an analytical unit. The results can be visualized
in GIS-generated maps.

- SWAT (2013) is a soil and water assessment tool whose objective is to predict the

effect of management decisions on water, sediment, nutrient and pesticide yields
with reasonable accuracy in large, ungauged river basins.

- NOPOLU (2013) is developed for the calculation of agricultural nitrogen quantity

for EU river basins. It is a relational database program for integrated emissions
and impact assessments for large data sets.