Risk management of chemicals and contaminated land – from planning to verification - Environmental Deterioration and Contamination: Problems and their Management - page 282

as a basic requirement. At the same time SEA should evaluate ecological, social and
economic efficiency of the alternative measures. The conceptual risk model of the prob-
lem/case/chemical substance/site should cover all the possible impacts and the areas of
impact. A quantitative or semiquantitative tool is necessary for characterization and
prioritization.
Both ERA and SEA should deal with the selected priority impacts. In addition to
ERA, SEA is to evaluate socio-economic efficiency in combination with environmental
efficiency, given that the environment and environmental quality influence directly or
indirectly the economic and social costs and benefits. In SEA, the understanding of
equity and distributional impacts as well as establishing trade-offs play an extremely
important role. Having the results based on the aggregation, recommendations are
made by an assessor team.
ERA and SEA have similarities in the tiered procedure and are both used for eval-
uation of the alternatives. Qualitative and quantitative, semiquantitative evaluation is
also possible in both cases.
The procedures for assessing alternative RMOs need to be as open and accessible
as possible to all relevant stakeholders. Socio-economic analysis can be a valuable
mechanism for bringing about greater stakeholder involvement in the decision-making
process, but only in the case of having a systematic and uniform methodology.
ERA and SEA should be applied in an integrated way. ERA characterizes the
environmental and human health hazard and values as well as the adverse and benefi-
cial impacts in the form of a quantitative value ( RCR ) while SEA provides a rational
basis for weighting the advantages and disadvantages of choices, measuring costs and
benefits mainly in monetary, and, in some cases, in nonmonetized values.
Reporting the procedure, communication and verification of the analysis results is
the concluding task. All this is an integral part of the risk management procedure. Gen-
eral steps of the integrated impact assessment are the following (the used methodology
in brackets):

- Identification of the impacts and risks, their sources and receptors (ERA);

- Determination of the target risk and the land use-specific target concentrations

(ERA);

- Identification of the RR options (ERA + SEA);

- List of options which may be efficient (SEA);

- New legislation, other regulatory options, such as authorization, restriction, clas-

sification and labeling under REACH regulation or authorization under IPPC
regulation;

- Monitoring;

- RR technology application;

- Changes in the impacts and risks on the receptors after the reduction of the risk

(ERA + SEA);

- Costs of the RR options (SEA);

- Distribution of the costs across the chain of trade, between stakeholders and over

time (SEA);

- Benefits of reductions in risk, its monetary and nonmonetized values (SEA + ERA);

- Comparison of the options (SEA + ERA);

- Selection of the best RR concept and technology (SEA + ERA).