Risk management of chemicals and contaminated land – from planning to verification - Environmental Deterioration and Contamination: Problems and their Management - page 259

- SEA Guidelines: Australia;

- Socio-Economic Tools: US EPA;

- The BENEFITS assessment: CAFE;

- The economics of ecosystems & biodiversity;

- The impact of REACH: Impact of the regulation on occupational health with skin

and respiratory diseases;

- The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution: Methodology for Cost-Benefit;

- The Value of Reducing Cancer Risks at Contaminated Sites: Are More Heavily

Exposed People Willing to Pay More?

- TURI: Toxics Use Reduction Institute, Cleaner Solutions Database;

- US EPA Handbook for Non-cancer Health Effects Valuation: Economic valuation;

- US EPA Regulatory Economic Analyses: Searchable database of Regulatory

Economic Analyses (National Center for Environmental Economics, NCEE);

- US EPA SNAP: Significant new alternatives for CFCS and halon;

- Valuing Environmental Impacts: Practical Guidelines for the use of value transfer

in policy and projects appraisal;

- Water Economic Modeling for Policy Analysis: WFD in the Netherlands;

- WHO Principles for Evaluating Health Risks: In Children Associated with

Exposure to Chemicals.

4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICALS AND
CONTAMINATED LAND

K. Gruiz
Evaluation of the contaminated environment and interpretation of assessment data on
substances or contaminated sites is one of the key tasks in ERM. It is the first activity
which applies a step-wise methodology including the identification of the hazard and
the potential receptors, as well as finding and characterizing the interactions between
hazardous contaminants, the environment and the users of the adversely impacted
environment, i.e., human and ecological receptors.
The conceptual risk model is the basis of environmental and human health RA of
chemicals, products, wastes and contaminated environments. This is a valid scheme
on the sources, transport and fate of the hazardous agents in the environment and
the receptors. Receptors are the users of the environment who are or may be exposed
to the hazardous agents. The conceptual risk model maps the flow of the hazardous
materials and shows the pathways which are suspected as significant and selected
for consideration. The fluxes should not be quantified in the first assessment step, but
instead after they have been selected for quantification in further assessment steps. The
conceptual model specifies the data requirement of ERA and ensures the suitability of
the data. The selected ERA concept and method support the targets of the assessment,
which may be:

- Ranking of contaminants, products, wastes, contaminated sites or environmental

problems;

- Prioritization of numerous problems to start risk management of and to spend

resources on the most risky ones;