Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.1
Waste production in Europe in 2008 and 2010 (Eurostat, 2013a).
Produced waste mass (Mt/y)
Produced waste (%)
Waste production
2008
2010
2008
2010
Construction and demolition
871,500
859,740
34.9
34.3
Mining
608,330
671,780
24.3
26.8
Manufacturing
343,410
275,580
13.7
11.0
Energy
91,130
86,040
3.6
3.4
Household
219,270
218,590
8.8
8.7
Services and sales
138,310
149,670
5.5
6.0
Waste treatment
135,530
155,760
5.4
6.2
Water and sewage treatment
22,410
21,280
0.9
0.9
Sales of waste and scraps
22,620
27,520
0.9
1.1
All the other activities
45,850
39,440
1.8
1.6
Total produced waste
2,498,360
2,505,400
100
100
Hazardous of the total
97,680
≈
100,700
3.7
4.0
serve as a source of bio-fuels, such as bioethanol and chars; chemical substances such
as bio-solvents, waxes, natural fragrance chemicals, personal care product additives,
and insect repellants. Sugars, pectins and cellulose serve as food industry additives,
e.g. thickening agents (Balu, 2012). Similar valuable resources of materials are bak-
ery waste, coffee husks, spent coffee grounds, corncobs, unripe coconut husks, palm
oil waste, cassava starch, agro residues, fruit processing, canning and other food
processing residues.
5 WASTE STATISTICS FOR EUROPE
To manage risk appropriately, information on the generation, recovery, and disposal
of wastes is necessary. To prepare waste statistics is an obligation of the European
Community, which may be the starting point of concepts and managerial activities at
community and national level.
The total amount of waste produced in Europe is 5.3 tonne/year/person. The
largest proportion of this total is construction-demolition and mining waste (34-35%
and 24-27%, respectively) as shown in Table 6.1. Only less than one-tenth (8.7-8.8%),
i.e., about 500 kg/year/person is municipal waste from the total, but still a large amount
of it needs management. Hazardous waste increased to 200 kg/person/year by 2010.
5-6 kg/person hazardous waste derives from household wastes yearly, which is equal
to 2-3% (Eurostat, 2013a).
The introduction of the “polluter pays'' principle in line with EU waste legislation
has made both industry and householders more aware of and more responsible for the
waste they produce, which resulted in slower increase of waste amounts in Europe.
Developed countries including the EU are making efforts to transform their waste
management systems to get higher in the hierarchy according to the concept of the waste
pyramid. In spite of the right aims and adequate arrangements, the greatest part of
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