Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
a damaged myocardium using angiogenesis-related growth factors,
including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast
growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and
hematopoietic cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating
factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factor (GM-CSF), has been performed clinically [35-39]. The
injection of angiogenesis-related cytokines is expected to promote
the development of novel and supplemental collateral blood vessels,
which can function as the “bypass” of an infarcted coronary artery.
Hematopoietic cytokines are expected to regenerate a damaged
myocardium via the mobilization of bone marrow-derived stem
cells. On the other hand, for more effective therapy, cell-based
regenerative therapy has also been started. Cell injection therapies
using autologous cells, including skeletal myoblasts, cardiac stem
cells, and bone marrow- and peripheral blood-derived cells, have
been performed clinically and have shown modest improvements
of cardiac functions in some clinical trials [40-46]. For overcoming
the drawbacks of the direct injection of dissociated cells, scaffold-
based myocardial tissue engineering has been appeared as a second-
generation cell therapy [47-55]. On the other hand, “cell sheet
Cell therapy
Cytokine therapy
G-CSF
GM-CSF
VEGF, FGF
HGF
Skeletal myoblasts, cardiac stem cells,
Bone marrow- and peripheral blood derived cells,
ESCs/iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes
Direct
Injection
Ce
ll
she
e
t
Te mperature-responsive
culture dish
Bone marrow-
derived cells
Cell sheet
layering
Three-dimensional
scaffold
Tissue Engineering
Damaged
heart
Figure 1.1
Regenerative therapy for heart disease.
