Interaction of Climate Change and Acid Deposition - Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems - page 155

1980

1860

2000

2016

eq l −1 ) in surface waters for 12 regions in Europe as
simulated by the acidification model MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater in
Catchments) (SMART (Simulation Model for Acidification's Regional Trends) in Finland),
given full implementation of the Gothenburg protocol and other legislation but not
considering the confounding influence of climate change. The three ANC classes relate
to probability of viable populations of brown trout and other key indicator organisms.
Red: ANC < 0 barren of fish; Yellow: ANC 0-20 sparse population; Blue: ANC > 20 good
population. Four key years are shown: 1860 pre-acidification (no simulations for Finland,
as the SMART model was initiated in year 1960); 1980 maximum acidification; 2000
present-day; 2016 complete implementation of emission reduction protocols. (From
Wright et al . 2005.)

Figure 7.2 ANC concentrations ( μ

Three research approaches have been used to study the effects of acid deposition
and climate change on surface waters. The first is the analysis of data collected
regularly at one site over time or at many sites simultaneously to record spatial
variations. The second is experimental, either in the laboratory, in mesocosms or
in large-scale whole ecosystem experiments in the field. And the third is by
modelling, either statistical or process-orientated models that can be used