Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
1200
1200
A
B
1000
1000
P
P
P
M
P
M
800
800
P P
M
OOOOOOOO O OO OO O OOOOOOOOO OO OOO OO OO OO OO O O O OO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
M M M
pppppppppp ppp ppp p p p ppppp ppp pp pp ppp p pp pp p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
P
nnnnnnnnnn nnn nnnnnnnnnnn nnn n nn nnn n nn nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
mmmmmmmmmm mmm mmmmm m mmmmm mmm mm mm mmm m mm mm m m mm m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
PPPPPPPP P PP PP P PPPPPPPPP PP P PP PP P PP PP P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
NNNNNNNN N NNN N NNNNNNNNNN NN NN NN NN N NNN NN NN N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
600
600
MMMMMMMM MM MM M MMMMMMMMMM MM MM MM M MM MM MM M MM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
oooooooooo ooo ooo oooooo oooo ooo oo oo ooo oo oo o o oo o o o o o o o o o o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o
400
400
200
200
m
n
o
p
M
P
O
N
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
GENERATION
GENERATION
Fig. 15.5 Successive new cohort sizes for trials modeling establishment of the dioecious shrub
Lindera benzoin . 172 founders were placed either in squares of 43 at each corner with no founder
closer than 80 grid units from a border (A, lowercase letters), or in a single central square in
the preserve (B, uppercase letters). In every trial, there were 4 grid points between all adjacent
founders. The different trials are compared to basic trial M, in which 25% of offspring are
dispersed to, and 25% of pollen comes from, each of the four dispersal distance frames (see
Table 15.1) . To summarize, comparative trials differ as follows:
In trials N and n, more offspring are dispersed more closely to the maternal plant; 25% pollen
from each frame.
In trials O and o, 25% of an individual's offspring are dispersed to each frame; more pollen
comes from nearer the maternal plant.
In trials P and p, 25% of an individual's offspring are dispersed to each frame; more pollen
comes from a greater distance from the maternal plant.
For complete details on the trials, see text and Table 15.1.
16, the fi rst cohort produced by the founders has achieved a cohort age of 8
and members begin reproducing at a low level. As population generations
proceed, more individuals from the founding generation are produced at
increasing rates, and thus offspring production becomes high enough by
population 19 so that all populations increase steadily thereafter. Once
populations are growing continuously, for each trial, differences in the
degree of increase in size of successive cohorts generally mirror what was
shown for the growth of the corresponding entire populations as shown
in Fig. 15.1.
Heterozygosity for each successive cohort of these trials is shown in
Fig. 15.6. In both graphs A and B, the rank order of the trials matches that
at age 69 in Fig. 15.2. For all trials, the 172 founders have heterozygosities
approaching 100%, with early cohorts then having heterozygosities of 0
(there are no individuals produced in each round of potential mating until
founders reach the input specifi ed age for reproduction to commence,
age 8). Once offspring production starts, for the fi rst cohort produced
there is a very brief decline in heterozygosity compared to the founders,
 
 
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