Biology Reference
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0.04
A
0.03
g
g
g
ggg
g
g
0.02
aaa
a
g
aa
a
g
a
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
0.01
bbbb
bbbb
a
l
b
g
b
a
l
0.0
g
a
-0.01
b
l
-0.02
b
a
a
b
g
l
g
l
-0.03
b
-0.04
a
l
g
-0.05
0
5
10
15
1000
b
a
g
l
B
900
b
a
800
l
b
g
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
l
a
a
a
a
a
700
g
l
l
g
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
600
0
5
10
15
GENERATION
Fig. 14.2
F values (A) and unique alleles retained (B) across generations for bisexual populations
(a and b) versus dioecious populations (g and l) that are otherwise identical except maximum
offspring and microgamete dispersal are both 10 grid units (populations a and g) versus 20
grid units (populations b and l). Reproduction rate is 1.825 for the bisexual populations and
3.65 for the dioecious populations to refl ect the halving of offspring producers in the latter.
See text for more details.
to the lower number of more isolated (less connected) seed shadows for
the dioecious populations creating more localized neighborhoods and,
thus, both more localized inbreeding and more local competition for grid
points leading to increased losses of unique alleles. The lower number of
seed shadows is caused by the fact that fewer individuals are producing
offspring, and offspring dispersal is thus more localized even though twice
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