Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
5000
V
v
p
P
V
p
v
P
4000
V
p
P
v
p
P
V
v
3000
p
P
V
v
p
P
V
v
P
V
p
v
n
N
2000
n
N
p
P
V
v
n
N
n
N
M
p
P
V
v
M
n
N
N
M
L
V
p
n
P
v
l
N
M
L
n
l
1000
p
V
M
P
n
N
L
v
M
l
n
N
L
l
p
V
M
v
P
N
n
L
M
l
n
N
L
l
p
P
V
M
v
L
n
N
l
M
M
L
P
V
p
N
n
l
v
L
M
M M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
l
N
n
p
P
V
L
l
N
N N
N
N
N
N
n
v
L
l
P
P P
P
P
P
p
V
L
n
v
l
L
l
V
V V
V
V
n
p
v
L
l
p
L
n
v
L
l
l
0
n
p
v
n
p
v
L
l
L
l
n
p
v
L
l
L
l
L
l
0
7
14
21
GENERATION
Fig. 8.13
Mean values (30 runs per trial) of population growth across generations for
NEWGARDEN populations that differ in numbers of loci and alleles, and distance from the
lower left preserve border. All populations began with the conditions of the basic input fi le
described earlier in the text except as follows. Uppercase letters indicate trials with source
populations having 30 loci, each with 100 different alleles of equal frequency = 0.01. Lowercase
letters were trials with 10 loci, each with source populations having two alleles of equal
frequency = 0.5. All input fi les had a preserve upper right margin of 2560,2560, but the lower
and left borders receded incrementally from the point of placement of the founders (always
in two rows horizontal to the x-axis and consisting of 10 founders each in closest spacing).
X and Y coordinate recession distance of the preserve lower left corner from point 0,0 was 0
grid units for L and l, 5 units for M, 10 units for N and n (3rd curve above the lowest curve),
40 units for P and p (uppermost curve), and 2,560 units for V and v (also uppermost curve).
Note that lowercase and uppercase trials with the same letter grew at more or less the same
rate, the only difference in these populations being the nature of the loci panel.
of equal frequency in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium source population,
mean heterozygosity of the founding generation should approximate 0.5
(lower, lowercase curves). When there are 100 unique alleles available
for each of 30 loci, in randomly drawing alleles for any locus from such a
source population, the chances of drawing the same allele twice for one
founder (creating a homozygote) is quite low, so most individuals will
be heterozygous, hence observed heterozygosity among the founders
approaches 1 (upper set of curves). For populations with either type of allelic
panel, populations placed at the lower left corner of the preserve (L and l)
lose heterozygosity at the fastest rate, and placing the founders only at a
slight distance into the preserve (5 grid units for letter M) rather than at the
lower left corner (L or l) generates heterozygosity values that are essentially
indistinguishable from when the founders are placed in the center of the
preserve (letter V). All populations, however, continue to decrease in levels
of observed heterozygosity. For species at risk for inbreeding depression,
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