Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
purposes (e.g. leaving ink traces on paper, leaving a bookmarking sticker, punching
pages together). Depending on the user's needs and the current context, the user
flexibly combines and/or repurposes these tools. Hence end-users becomes the de-
signers of their interactions. This provides not only support for a variety of more
complex tasks, but also allows end-users to integrate Pen-and-Paper User Interfaces
with established tools at an equal footing, whether they be computerized or not.
The model identifies a set of modular core interactions that are at the heart of pen-
and-paper interfaces. Each of the core interactions is simple, easy to learn, easy
to memorize and reliable. It is by the combination of several core interactions that
more complex interfaces are designed.
We developed the model in an inductive-empirical process which generated the-
oretical results from an iterative user-centered design process (see Fig. 3.1). A the-
oretical process accompanied the user-centered design process. It provided theoret-
ical input to the different phases of the design process. This input consisted of the-
oretical models of knowledge work and human-computer interaction, of empirical
results from the literature and of design solutions from related work. In the reverse
direction - from the design process towards theory - we subsequently abstracted
the results of the design process in an inductive-empirical manner. This lead to the
theoretical interaction model.
In this chapter, we start by defining Pen-and-Paper User Interfaces and briefly
review related models. Then we present the theoretical perspective, which underlies
the model, and discuss how to model interactions and information in Pen-and-Paper
User Interfaces.
Theory / Prior
Research
Field Studies
Theoretical
Model
Specify / Refine
Requirements
Evaluation
Cyclic Design Process
Theory Input
Theory Generation
Specify / Refine
Design
Implementation
Fig. 3.1
Schematic overview of our research method
