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lutions use commercially available optical motion capture systems, such as Vicon
or NaturalPoint OptiTrack. A set of several high-speed cameras detects the 3D posi-
tions of retro-reflective makers that are attached to the paper surface. This allows the
system to identify the position, orientation, and possibly deformation of the surface.
Recently Lee et al. [70] have demonstrated that even a low-cost tracking solution,
using the PixArt camera within the Nintendo Wii Remote, can yield acceptable re-
sults for 3D tracking. The Microsoft Surface team presented a different approach
for projecting contents onto passive displays [47]. Instead of top-projection, they
use a sophisticated setup for projecting contents onto semi-transparent paper sur-
faces from the backside. For this purpose, a projector is integrated into an interac-
tive tabletop display. The tabletop surface consists of an electronically switchable
diffuser. This can alternate with very high frequency between a diffuse and a trans-
parent state. During the diffuse time slots, imagery is projected onto the tabletop
surface. During the transparent time slots, imagery is projected through the tabletop
surface onto the paper displays.
Electronically Augmented Paper
Output on paper can be realized by attaching or embedding electronic components
into paper. This enables a greater diversity of interactions than with passive paper,
but electronically augmented paper documents are more complicated and more ex-
pensive to produce.
An example is Pulp-based computing [17]. The authors embed diverse compo-
nents directly into paper during the papermaking process. These components com-
prise microphones, bend sensors, LEDs, speakers and vibrating motors. Voodoo-
Sketch [9] is an ad-hoc physical interface toolkit. It allows plugging various elec-
tronic controls, such as push buttons, switches and sliders, onto specific paper
palettes, which have embedded conductive layers. The Computational Sketchbook
[11] follows a similar approach. The user can create interactive paintings by at-
taching electronic components onto ordinary paper. These components comprise
speakers, motors, switches, LEDs and batteries. The user establishes the conductive
connections by painting them with conductive ink. The electric circuit thus becomes
a visible part of the artwork.
Electronic Paper
Upcoming novel display technologies have a large potential to significantly alter the
way we are interacting with paper and with displays. Rapid advances in OLED and
Electronic Paper technologies allow companies to develop displays that have similar
characteristics as paper. Current commercialized displays, e.g. displays of recent
e-book readers, are still rigid and much thicker than traditional paper. However,
various research prototypes show promising advances. Japanese researchers have
developed an electronic paper display which is as thin as 1 mm; Sony has developed
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