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stands in contrast to many previous approaches that leverage only the interaction
of writing with a pen on paper. In addition, the interaction with paper and digi-
tal information is more seamlessly integrated than in previous Pen-and-Paper User
Interfaces, since the same digital pen and the same interactions can be used both
on printed and on digital documents. Nevertheless, both flexibility and mobility of
paper are retained.
Chapter 5 presents interaction techniques for paper-based annotation of docu-
ments. Taking notes and making annotations is an important activity in Active Read-
ing processes [1] and has been proven to be a factor positively related to students'
academic achievement [58, 115]. We introduce a paper-based mechanism for clas-
sifying and sharing annotations, which is seamlessly integrated with annotating and
notetaking. For the review of shared annotations of other users, we propose a multi-
user visualization that integrates annotations of multiple users in one single view.
Handwriting recognition is a vital aspect of annotation functionality in order to pro-
vide full-text search within handwritten contents. We discuss results from an evalua-
tion study of handwriting recognition which shows that particularly domain-specific
terms are hard to recognize. We present an algorithm to augment recognition perfor-
mance for domain-specific terms in annotations. Finally, we present results from two
studies in which the novel interaction techniques have been evaluated with users.
They show that the new interaction techniques are easy to learn, easy to use and
reliable.
Chapter 6 presents a novel interaction technique for easily and quickly creating
and following hyperlinks between paper and digital documents. Creating references
between documents is an important means for integrating information and construct-
ing knowledge. While this is a common practice in paper-based settings, and hyper-
links are common on the Web, functionality is missing for easy creation of refer-
ences between paper and digital documents (e.g. between a book and a Web page).
The underlying interaction metaphor of our technique is a pen-based association
which crosses the boundaries of paper and screens. We show how pen gestures for
linking documents can be designed in order to be easy to learn and to memorize,
reliable and efficient. We further outline how hyperlinks can be used in a collabo-
rative setup to support joint structuring activities in workgroups. To cope with the
problem known as “lost in hyperspace”, we present a multi-user, multi-document
visualization that gives an overview of all users, documents and hyperlinks. Finally,
we present results of a controlled experiment that evaluates the efficiency of this
interaction technique. They demonstrate a significant performance gain for an infor-
mation integration task in hybrid collections of printed and digital documents.
Chapter 7 presents novel techniques for tagging paper documents. In addition to
structuring documents with hyperlinks, tagging enables people to further integrate
new knowledge with existing knowledge by relating pieces of information and trans-
lating them into concepts. This generates structural knowledge. The knowledge of
these relations and the ability to explain them is existential for higher-order proce-
dural knowledge [51]. Our techniques go beyond the previous work on paper-based
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